Superprotonics: New Materials for Energy-Efficient Technologies
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rotonics: New Materials for Energy-Efficient Technologies V. V. Grebeneva, *, I. P. Makarovaa, E. V. Seleznevaa, V. A. Komornikova, **, and I. S. Timakova a
Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Crystallography and Photonics Federal Scientific Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] **e-mail: [email protected] Received November 24, 2019; revised January 10, 2020; accepted January 14, 2020
Abstract—One of the most rapidly developing directions in the field of alternative energy sources is hydrogen energetics. Fuel cells, the main component of which is a proton-exchange membrane, facilitate the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. Superprotonic crystals are promising materials for the creation of proton-exchange membranes of fuel cells and other electrochemical. Multicomponent water–salt growth systems are studied in order to obtain new superprotonic crystals MmHn(AO4)(m + n)/2 ⋅ yH2O (M = K, Rb, Cs, NH4, AO4 = SO4, SeO4, HPO4) and modify the properties of known compounds. The conditions for the growth of a number of new superprotonics are found, and the relationships between their structure and properties are studied. Keywords: superprotonics, proton conductivity, structural analysis, hydrogen bonds, phase transitions DOI: 10.1134/S1027451020040096
In connection with the growing rate of energy consumption, research and development in the field of alternative energy sources is being actively carried out, and one of the fastest growing areas related to the use of such sources is hydrogen energetics. Fuel cells, the main component of which is a proton exchange membrane, facilitate the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy with a very high efficiency (theoretically up to 100%). Moreover, they are environmentally friendly and do not pollute the environment. The first fuel cells were developed for use in space. Currently fuel cells with a capacity of 1 W and up to tens of MW are being created or are under development, and in the near future fuel cells will become a source of energy for transport, industry, portable electronics, and the household in all areas: from batteries to stationary independent generation. Superprotonic crystals are promising materials for creating the proton-exchange membranes of fuel cells and other electrochemical devices MmHn(AO4)(m + n)/2 ⋅ yH2O (M = K, Rb, Cs, NH4, AO4 = SO4SeO4, HPO4) possessing proton conductivity on the order of 10–3– 10–1 Ohm–1 cm–1 at temperatures of 70–230°C [1–8],
due to their structural features, i.e., the formation of dynamically disordered systems of hydrogen bonds [9]. In order to obtain new compounds, studies of multicomponent water–salt systems were carried out: CsHSO4–CsH2PO4–H2O, Rb3H(SO4)2–RbH2PO4– H2O, Cs2SO4–Rb2SO4–H2SO4–H2O (Fig. 1), K2SO4–Rb2SO4–H2SO4–H2O, (NH4)2SO4–K2SO4– CsHSO4–CsH2PO4–NH4H2PO4– H2SO4–H2O, H2O, the conditions for the reproducible production of a number of superprotonic crystals were determined, many of which were obtained for the fir
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