Suppressing negative materials for remitted depressed individuals: Substitution forgetting and incidental forgetting str
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Suppressing negative materials for remitted depressed individuals: Substitution forgetting and incidental forgetting strategies Mingfan Liu 1,2,3
&
Li Zhou 1,2,3 & Hui Zhang 2 & Xinqiang Wang 1,2,3 & Baojuan Ye 1,2,3 & Qiaosheng Liu 3,4
Accepted: 11 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Intentional forgetting is significantly effective for forgetting unwanted non-emotional material. However, whether the suppressive effect of unaided suppression differs from that of substitution forgetting when applied to negative materials by remitted depressed individuals is unclear. A modified think/no-think (TNT) emotional paradigm including specific strategies (unaided suppression, positive-word substitution, and positive-picture substitution) was used with 84 remitted depressed individuals and 80 controls. The participants in both groups forgot more negative words in the substitution condition than in the unaided condition. The remitted participants forgot more with positive-picture substitution than with positive-word substitution, while the controls showed no difference. Moreover, the participants in both groups forgot more with 0 cue presentations (incidental forgetting) than under any other experimental condition. These results indicate that unaided suppression of negative material in the TNT paradigm shows little suppressive effect. Incidental forgetting and positive-picture substitution forgetting may be better strategies for remitted depressed individuals to forget negative materials. Keywords Think/no-think paradigm . Intentional forgetting . Substitution forgetting . Incidental forgetting . Remitted depression
Introduction A widely acknowledged assumption is that we may acquire negative memories that we expect to avoid thinking about. When controlling these memories is difficult, they may intrude on our consciousness. Although most people have only a few frequent intrusive memories, a minority may suffer serious mental disorders from these intrusions. Indeed, uncontrolled intrusions and unintentional negative thoughts are the hallmark symptoms of depression (Gotlib & Joormann, 2010; Mathews & MacLeod, 2005), and persistent negative memories contribute to the maintenance and recurrence of Mingfan Liu and Li Zhou are joint first authors. * Mingfan Liu [email protected] 1
Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
2
Department of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
3
Nanchang, China
4
Clinical Psychological Center, Psychiatric Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330000, China
depression (Michl, McLaughlin, Shepherd, & NolenHoeksema, 2013; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000). A systematic literature review has indicated that the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) ranges from 2% to 21%; these rates are highest in some European countries and lowest in some Asian countries (Gutiérrez-Rojas, Porras-Segovia, Dunne, Andrade-González, & Cervilla, 2020). Recently, Huang et al. (
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