Supragastric belching in Japan: lower prevalence and relevance for management of gastroesophageal reflux disease compare
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE–ALIMENTARY TRACT
Supragastric belching in Japan: lower prevalence and relevance for management of gastroesophageal reflux disease compared to United Kingdom Akinari Sawada1,2 • Hideaki Itami3 • Kenichiro Nakagawa3 • Shinji Hirano2 • Hiroyuki Kitamura2 • Rieko Nakata2 • Shingo Takashima2 • Yasuaki Abe3 • Masahiro Saito3 • Etsuro Yazaki1 • Osamu Kawamura4 • Fumio Tanaka2 • Toshihisa Takeuchi5 • Tomoyuki Koike3 • Atsushi Masamune3 • Yasuhiro Fujiwara2 Kazuhide Higuchi5 • Daniel Sifrim1
•
Received: 6 July 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Background Supragastric belching (SGB) may play a role in the pathophysiology of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)refractoriness in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). SGB may be present in up to 40% of reflux symptoms in PPI-refractory GERD. Most reports on SGB have come from Western countries, and little is known about the prevalence and relevance of SGB in Asian refractory GERD patients. This study aimed at comparing the role of SGB in GERD patients in Japan and the UK. Methods We re-analyzed impedance-pH monitoring tracings from patients who were referred to tertiary centers in Japan and the UK due to PPI-refractory reflux symptoms. The prevalence of excessive SGB and the impact of SGB on reflux symptoms were compared between the two countries.
Akinari Sawada shares co-first authorship with Hideaki Itami. & Daniel Sifrim [email protected] 1
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Upper GI Physiology Unit Royal London Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, 26 Ashfield Street, London E12AJ, UK
2
Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
3
Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
4
Department of Gastroenterology, Kamimoku SPA Hospital, Minakami, Japan
5
Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
Results Impedance-pH tracings from124 Japanese and 83 British patients were re-analyzed. Japanese patients were significantly younger and had smaller body mass index than the British (P \ 0.001). Japanese patients had significantly lower prevalence of excessive SGB (18.5%) than the UK (36.1%) irrespective of reflux phenotype (P = 0.006). Logistic regression analysis showed that the geographical/cultural difference was the only factor associated with the different prevalence of SGB (odds ratio; 2.91, 95% CI 1.09–7.73, P = 0.032). SGB were related to typical reflux symptoms very rarely in Japan [0% (0–4.9)] compared to the UK [35% (0–54.1)] (P = 0.071). Conclusions The prevalence of SGB and their impact on reflux symptoms is significantly lower in Japan compared to the UK. The difference is not related to reflux parameters but might come from ethnic/cultural factors to be further characterized. Keywords Supragastric belching Gastroesophageal reflux disease Impedance-pH monitoring Cross-cultural study
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