Survey of the citrus leprosis vector ( Brevipalpus yothersi ) and phytoseiids in spontaneous plants of an organic citrus
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Survey of the citrus leprosis vector (Brevipalpus yothersi) and phytoseiids in spontaneous plants of an organic citrus orchard Maria A Nunes1 · Valdenice M Novelli1 · Bruna A da Cunha1 · Alex J Soares1 · Jeferson L C de Mineiro2 · Juliana Freitas‑Astúa3 · Marinês Bastianel1 Received: 27 April 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Citrus leprosis (CL) is one of the most important viral diseases in sweet orange orchards in Latin America. It is caused by members of at least five species of the so-called Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BTV), and the prevalent is Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C). This virus has the broadest host range amongst all CL-associated viruses and is transmitted by Brevipalpus yothersi, a polyphagous mite that can colonize a large variety of host plants, including some spontaneous ground cover plants. But if, on one hand, spontaneous plants can host CL virus and vector, on the other hand, they can offer alternative food for predators, equally common in organic citrus orchards. Brevipalpus yothersi and predator mites were surveyed in 33 spontaneous plants of a Westin sweet orange orchard conducted under organic production system in Brazil, from June 2010 to April 2011. Predatory mites were identified as phytoseiids, and Iphiseiodes zuluagai was the prevalent species, representing 58% of all predators. Other phytoseiids were considered accidental species in the area. Ageratum conyzoides and Alternanthera tenella were the most represented plant host species to predators, comprising 28 and 10% of the total surveyed plants, respectively. Brevipalpus yothersi specimens were detected on various spontaneous species: A. conyzoides, A. tenella, Amaranthus deflexus, Bidens pilosa, Ipomoea quamoclit, I. cairica, Merremia cissoides, Solanum americanum, Panicum maximum, and, predominantly, Commelina benghalensis. The latter has been previously reported as host of CiLV-C as well and, therefore, it is recommended to eliminate this species from citrus orchards. Keywords Biological control · Citrus leprosis virus C · Citrus management · Mite survey · False spider mites
* Maria A Nunes [email protected] 1
Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Rodovia Anhanguera km 158, CP 4, 13490‑970 Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
2
Instituto Biológico, Rodovia Heitor Penteado, km 3,5. CP 70, 13001‑970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
3
Mandioca e Fruticultura, Embrapa, Rua Embrapa, s/n, 44380‑000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
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Experimental and Applied Acarology
Introduction False spider mites, Brevipalpus spp. (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), are phytophagous and polyphagous, and they are associated with plant viruses causing non-systemic infections, known as Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BTV). There are at least five BTV, divided into genera Cilevirus and Dichorhavirus, infecting citrus plants (Freitas-Astúa et al. 2018). The first genus includes Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) and Citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLVC2), wherea
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