Sustainability, cooperation and mobility of workers within and between European countries: a two-stage goal programming
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Sustainability, cooperation and mobility of workers within and between European countries: a two-stage goal programming model Danilo Liuzzi1
· Veronica Lupi2 · Aymeric Vié3,4,5
Accepted: 25 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Facing multiple and often considered as conflicting stakes, either economical, migratory, or environmental, policy-making may struggle to identify and implement relevant policy action allowing for balanced and joint completion of such challenges. Addressing this important public issue, we develop a multi-criteria two-stage Goal Programming (GP) model to identify optimal policy paths towards the Europe 2020 strategy on economic growth, employment levels and environmental sustainability. The model is calibrated on current contributions of economic sectors in all European countries to each policy objective: contribution to economic output (GDP), emissions of Green House Gas, electric consumption and number of jobs. First, we study the optimal allocation of workers within economic sectors of each European country to maximize the joint achievement of Europe 2020 multi criteria sustainability targets. We then extend the model to allow cooperation between states, namely allowing internal migrations of workers between countries. We highlight how supranational allocation schemes of surplus workers improve the satisfaction of national sustainability objectives. Finally, we consider extra-European migrants regional integration and study the consequences of such opening over EU2020 targets satisfaction and per capita GDP. Simulation results highlight countries performance comparison, and sheds light on significant benefits from such cooperation for the majority of countries. Improved integration of internal and external workforce generally improves the achievement of EU2020 objectives, while keeping per capita GDP at least constant. Moreover, we expose the relevance of cooperative work-flows allocation strategies across Europe and emphasize the importance of workers mobility in order to ensure more sustainable common development. Keywords Cooperation · Europe 2020 Agenda · Multiple criteria decision analysis · Goal programming · Migration · Sustainable development JEL Classification C61 · C63 · E61 · F22
The authors would like to particularly thank Pr. Davide La Torre and the other participants of the 12th Multi Objective Programming and Goal Programming international conference, which took place in Metz, France in October 2017. Their suggestions and remarks were of the greatest utility in this work. All remaining errors and omissions are our own sole responsibility. Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Annals of Operations Research
1 Introduction Nowadays, policymakers are puzzled as to find a compromise between economic, environmental, energy and social targets. Public awareness on these topics has been raising in the last years and significant shares of public opinion require their governments to find the right balance between sustainable developmen
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