Sustainable tourism development in cross-border biosphere reserves of Central and Eastern Europe
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Birgit Nolte Institute for Geography, University of Greifswald
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Introduction
All over Europe, a paradigm change in protected areas and nature protection has been arisen. The new role combines nature conservation with the promotion of regional development. Consequently, large protected areas gain additional functions, for example as tools for regional development. Especially for areas located on borders, trans-boundary activities are very important to attain these goals. The situation in Central and Eastern Europe differs from that in Western Europe because of the transformation process that has consequences for every area of life. In addition, accession to the European Union has led to new regulatory framework conditions to which national legislation has had to be adapted, e.g., with regard to the EU Habitats Directive. Furthermore, tourists are increasingly discovering sensitive areas that have developed nearly untouched for several decades, many in border regions. In other words, the growing market for nature-oriented tourism is exerting growing pressure on sensitive areas. The tourism patterns have also changed, e.g., more often but shorter holidays and more diverse tourist demands. This article describes and analyses the situation of selected Central and Eastern European biosphere reserves in border regions as a special type of protected area. The concept of biosphere reserves is very promising though their implementation is challenging for a region. Two cross-border regions
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were examined with regard to sustainable tourism development, as it is a part of the international concept of biosphere reserves: • Bohemian-Bavarian Forest astride the border between the Czech Republic and Germany and Czech Republic; and • the Karst region spanning the border between Hungary and Slovakia (see fig. 1). The case studies focus on experience with implementing the sustainability concept as well as with trans-boundary cooperation. The findings are based on literature surveys, document analyses, and semistructured interviews with key actors in the studied regions.
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