Syndromic Surveillance Data Sources and Collection Strategies
In this and the ensuing two chapters, we will focus on three key technical aspects of modern syndromic surveillance systems: data sources and collection strategies; data analysis and outbreak detection; and data visualization, information dissemination, a
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In this and the ensuing two chapters, we will focus on three key technical aspects of modern syndromic surveillance systems: data sources and collection strategies; data analysis and outbreak detection; and data visualization, information dissemination, and reporting. This chapter discusses syndromic data collection strategies and related data sources. Data collection is a critical early step when developing a syndromic surveillance system. It involves the selection of data sources, choices over vocabulary to be used, data entry approaches, and data transmission strategies and protocols. We will go through the related technical issues in the following sections. Towards the end of this chapter, we briefly summarize additional policy-related considerations that may impact data collection.
1.
DATA SOURCES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE
Syndromic surveillance is a largely data-driven public health surveillance approach. Data sources used in syndromic surveillance systems are expected to provide timely, prediagnosis health indicators and are typically electronically stored and transmitted. Note that most syndromic surveillance data were originally collected and used for other purposes and such data now serve dual purposes. Figure 3-1 depicts the conceptual timeline of prediagnosis data types and sources for syndromic surveillance.
H. Chen et al., Infectious Disease Informatics: Syndromic Surveillance for Public Health and BioDefense, Integrated Series in Information Systems 21, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1278-7_3, © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2010
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Figure 3-1. Conceptual timeline of collection and analysis of prediagnosis information for Syndromic Surveillance (2005c).
Timeline
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Data types
Information Information seeking seeking (web (web clickstream, clickstream, etc.) etc.) Grocery Grocery product product sales sales Over Over the the counter counter and and prescription prescription medications medications School School and and work work absenteeism absenteeism Nurse Nurse triage triage telephone telephone calls calls Physician Physician office office visits visits EMS EMS activity activity Emergency Emergency department department visits visits Hospitalizations Hospitalizations Orders Orders Laboratory Laboratory tests tests
Surveillance Surveillance of of citizenry citizenry Patient Patient self-assessment self-assessment
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3. Syndromic Surveillance Data Sources and Collection Strategies
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According to an empirical study conducted by Platt et al. (2003), most data collected for syndromic surveillance purposes inc
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