Synergetic Network Evolution of Mineral Exploitation on the Water Environment in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
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Original Paper
Synergetic Network Evolution of Mineral Exploitation on the Water Environment in the Yangtze River Economic Belt Han Sun,1,2,3 Hai Wang,1 and Xueyuan Hu1 Received 8 October 2019; accepted 20 March 2020
Achieving the coordinated development of mineral exploitation and the water environment (the mine–water system, MWS) is an urgent difficulty in the construction of ChinaÕs ecological civilization. Based on the theory of synergy, a synergetic model was used to construct a network of the MWS, and then, social network analysis was applied to study the network characteristics for ten provinces of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The research results show that the natural water system has always been at the center of the MWS, and water conservancy construction is particularly critical. However, the synergistic effect is not strong between the water environmental stress system and other systems, and as a result, the water environment is under great pressure. Among the crucial factors, the discharge of wastewater and solid waste is at the core of the network and directly affects the coordinated development trend of the MWS. However, the sustainable development of the water environment is better achieved by the treatment of solid waste than by the control of wastewater discharge. Generally, the synergistic relationship based on the natural water system is very important. At the same time, the core role of the water environmental protection system should be strengthened by adjusting sequence parameters to promote the overall coordinated development of the MWS. KEY WORDS: Yangtze River Economic Belt, Mineral exploitation system, Water environment system, Synergy theory, Social network analysis.
INTRODUCTION In a complex relationship, mineral exploitation inevitably leads to water resource depletion, pollution and even degradation of the water environment, while destruction of the water environment restricts mineral exploitation (Leppa¨nen et al. 2017; Dong et al. 2019; Olias et al. 2019). During the whole 1
School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China. 2 Key Laboratory of Strategic Research in the Ministry of Natural Resources, Wuhan 430074, China. 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail: [email protected]
lifecycle of mineral exploitation, a substantial amount of water is required to wash ore, coal mining equipment and manage tailings (Sophie et al. 2018), which has a potential impact on water quality (Northey et al. 2016). World Energy Outlook 2018 reported that approximately 340 billion cubic meters of water resources was extracted for energy production in 2016, and the global water demand will exceed 40% of the water supply in 2030 (IEA 2018). Thus, the water resource carrying capacity has become a limitation in mineral exploitation (Pi et al. 2015). Meanwhile, the annual discharge of wastewater from the mining industry in China was more than
Ó 2020 International Association for Mathematical Geosciences
Sun, Wang, and Hu 2.5 billion tons from 2
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