Synthesis and characterization of clay nanocomposites based on starch
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MRS Advances © 2019 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2019.403
Synthesis and characterization of clay nanocomposites based on starch Verónica Rosendo-González1, Javier Illescas1, María del Carmen Díaz-Nava1, Yolanda Alvarado-Pérez1 and José Juan García-Sánchez2 1
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca, Av. Tecnológio S/N, Col. Agrícola Bellavista, C.P. 52149. Metepec, Estado de México, México.
2
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Jocotitlán. Carretera TolucaAtlacomulco Km 44.8, Ejido de San Juan y San Agustin, C.P. 50700. Jocotitlán, Estado de México, México.
ABSTRACT In this work, the synthesis of starch-clay nanocomposites was carried out. For this purpose, natural starch was extracted from rice grains and it was characterized by structural and spectrophotometric techniques. Afterwards, it was used as the polymer matrix for the synthesis of nanocomposites crosslinked with different agents: glycerol, citric acid (CA) and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). As a reinforcement phase, a natural Mexican clay from the Montmorillonite-type (Mt), was employed, which was modified with a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br), in order to exchange cations, present in the interlaminar spaces of the raw clay mineral with those of the cationic surfactant; thus, changing its nature from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Characterization, of both natural and organo-modified clays, was carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to determine the change in morphology between these two minerals; X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), to obtain the crystalline structure of the organo-modified clay and that of the raw clay mineral (Mt). Also, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to determine materials spectra, and their thermal stability was evaluated by means of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). On the other hand, the synthesis of these nanocomposites was performed using different crosslinking agents, glycerol, CA or STMP, in order to identify the effect of them into the final properties of these materials.
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INTRODUCTION Nowadays, persistent organic compounds have been detected in wastewater due to their widespread use in different industries; one of these examples is phenol. Its presence even in small concentrations is characterized by a sweet and tarry smell and is an indication of pollution; due to its persistence, it causes severe effects on living beings or the environment in which it is found. Also, due to its high toxicity, high oxygen demand and low biodegradability, a conventional biological treatment process is not very effective to remove it from wastewater effluents. Several physical and chemical methods are available for its elimination, but these trea
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