Synthesis and Evaluation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Determination of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Determination of Di(2‑ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in Water Samples Lorena Díaz de León‑Martínez1 · Jessica Meléndez‑Marmolejo1 · Karla Vargas‑Berrones1 · Rogelio Flores‑Ramírez2 Received: 17 September 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective determination of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in water was synthesized and evaluated. This was accomplished by the use of sodium methacrylate as the monomer, toluene as a porogen, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker, azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator and DEHP as a template molecule to generate the selectivity of the polymer for the compound, as well as synthesizing non-imprinted polymers. Three different polymerization approaches were used, emulsion, bulk and co-precipitation, the polymers obtained by emulsion presented a high retention rate reaching 99%. The method was able to pre-concentrate DEHP in water samples up to 250 times. To evaluate the applicability of the method, concentrations in fortified and bottled water were assessed using our polymer and determining DEHP concentrations by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Reported concentrations in bottled water were 12.1 µg/L, well above reference values established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Keywords Molecularly imprinted polymer · Non-imprinted polymer · Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate · Drinking water Phthalate esters are commonly used in the plastics industry as additives, worldwide, the phthalate market reaches up to 5.5 million tons per year (Holland 2018). Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most widely used plasticizers for plastics to promote stability and flexibility through weak molecular interactions with polymer chains. This plasticizer freely circulates in packaging or bottling materials and can migrate into food and beverages, including drinking water Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez and Jessica Meléndez-Marmolejo have contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-03023-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rogelio Flores‑Ramírez [email protected] 1
Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
CONACYT, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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(Fang et al. 2017). These pollutants have been recognized as endocrine disruptors and exposure could result in human health effects (Martinez-Ibarra et al. 2019). The methods of analysis of DEHP are based on preconcentration techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction (Khoshmaram et al. 2019), solid-phase extraction (SPE) (Wu et al. 2
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