Synthesis of a novel bioactive glass using the ultrasonic energy assisted hydrothermal method and their biocompatibility
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In this study, bioactive glass powders were synthesized via an inexpensive hydrothermal chemical route by the use of ultrasonic energy irradiation. Soda lime, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate were used as the precursor materials to synthesize low-sodium bioactive glass materials based on the conventional 45S5 BioglassÒ . The morphological properties of the synthesized powders and the microwave-sintered dense compact were investigated. The mechanical properties of the fabricated dense bioactive glasses were characterized and were found to be very good. The ability to form biological apatite under physiological conditions was demonstrated with simulated body fluid (SBF). The material was shown to be highly biocompatible using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay with osteoblast-like MG63 cells. The cell adhesion and proliferation behavior of osteoblast-like MG63 cells were investigated and found to be excellent.
I. INTRODUCTION
The introduction of bioactive glasses in the use of artificial prosthetic implants has revolutionized the biomedical field since its inception in the late 1970s. Bioactive glasses and glass ceramics have been extensively investigated as bone grafts or fillers due to their ability to form a direct bond with the living bone.1–3 Bioactive glasses are a class of unique synthetic materials that interacts with the living tissue and dissolves relatively quickly compared to calcium phosphate ceramics and enhances the body’s ability to heal and regenerate bone tissue. These bioactive glasses function by attracting essential biological elements produced by the body to the healing site and holding them at the defect site while natural healing occurs. Bioactive glasses can make a biological fixation of the implant with bone since they can form an interfacial apatite-like layer. Their bioactivity has been demonstrated in vivo, by accelerating new bone formation.2,3 A few methods have been developed to prepare the bioactive glass materials, such as melting, sol–gel process, plasma spraying for coating, etc.4–9 The melting method is the traditional approach and was the first method used to prepare bioactive glass. Bioactive glass materials have a wide range of compositional variation in terms of constituent materials and percent content. Most bioactive glasses are silica-based materials in which calcium and phosphate are the other two required constituents. The conventional BioglassÒ has a nominal composition of around 45% a)
Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2014.215 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 29, No. 16, Aug 28, 2014
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SiO2, 24.5% CaO, 24.5% Na2O, and 6% P2O5 and is melt derived.9 In addition, reports are available for different compositional variations with added components with different biocompatibility and material characteristics.3,10 Melt-derived bioglass material synthesis is simple and is suitable for mass production. However, the glas
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