Synthesis of cellulose nanofibers functionalized by dithiooxamide for preconcentration and determination of trace amount
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Synthesis of cellulose nanofibers functionalized by dithiooxamide for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of Cd(II) ions in water samples Shirin Movaghgharnezhad . Ali Mirabi . Mohammad Reza Toosi . Ali Shokuhi Rad
Received: 9 February 2020 / Accepted: 8 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract A highly efficient natural adsorbent was provided by the synthesis of modified cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of Cd(II) ions. CNFs were prepared by hydrolysis of wood pulp with strong acid under reflux and sonicating conditions and modified by immobilization of dithiooxamide. Effective factors such as pH of extraction, nanocomposite amount, extraction time, type and concentration of eluent, ionic strength, and sample volume were optimized for the quantitative determination of Cd(II) ions. Results of optimization showed a linear range between 0.1 and 10 ng ml-1 by a limit of detection of 0.04 ng ml-1. Statistical analysis showed small relative standard deviations of 2.1%, high preconcentration, and enrichment factors. The nanocomposite also showed high Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03388-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. S. Movaghgharnezhad Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA A. Mirabi (&) M. R. Toosi Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] A. S. Rad Department of Chemical Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
sensitivity and selectivity for detecting very low concentration of Cd(II) ions in real samples at ng ml-1 level with high accuracy. Keywords Cellulose nanofibers Cd(II) ions preconcentration Surface modification Nanocomposite
Introduction Heavy metal pollution in the ground and surface waters has excited increasing public concern in response to the global trend of the international community for the protection of water resources. Cd(II) ions as a very toxic heavy metal can pollute waters by released wastewater from the phosphate fertilizer as well as the iron and steel industries, cement production and municipal solid waste, etc. Cd(II) ions accumulate in human kidneys for a long time, produce harmful effects on the respiratory system and cause a number of acute and chronic disorders, renal failure, emphysema, testicular atrophy, cancer, and hypertension in humans and skeletal malformation in the fetus (Sadeghi et al. 2014; Yilmaz et al. 2015; Kheirandish et al. 2017; Waalkes 2000; Cay et al. 2004). The average daily intake of Cd(II) ions for humans is about 0.15 lg from the air and 1 lg from water (Mirabi et al. 2016). In humans, nausea and vomiting have been recorded at levels of 15 mg l-1
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and no adverse effect has been found at 0.05 mg l-1. Severe toxic,
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