Synthesis of magnetic two-dimensional materials by chemical vapor deposition
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BSTRACT The development of magnetic two-dimensional (2D) materials in its infancy has generated an enormous amount of attention as it offers an ideal platform for the exploration of magnetic properties down to the 2D limit, paving the way for spintronic devices. Due to the nonnegligible advantages including time efficiency and simplified process, the facile bottom-up chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is regarded as a robust method to fabricate ultrathin magnetic nanosheets. Recently, some ultrathin magnets possessing fascinating properties have been successfully synthesized via CVD. Here, the recent researches toward magnetic 2D materials grown by CVD are systematically summarized with special emphasis on the fabrication methods. Then, heteroatoms doping and phase transition induced in CVD growth to bring or tune the magnetic properties in 2D materials are discussed. Characterizations and applications of these magnetic materials are also discussed and reviewed. Finally, some perspectives in need of urgent attention regarding the development of CVD-grown magnetic 2D materials are proposed.
KEYWORDS two-dimensional materials, magnetic materials, chemical vapor deposition, properties tuning
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Introduction
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have received extensive attentions and rapid development since the discovery of graphene in 2004 [1]. Nowadays, thousands of 2D materials have been discovered such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) [2, 3], black phosphorus [4, 5], transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) [6–9], and some layered perovskite [10, 11], oxides [12, 13], and hydroxides [14]. Due to their sufficient and remarkable properties such as electrical [15], optical [16], mechanical [17], and magnetic properties [18–20], they are widely applied in electronic [21, 22], optoelectronic [23, 24], and spintronic devices [25, 26]. Very recently, 2D magnetic materials have generated an enormous amount of attention in the related fields. They can offer a perfect platform for the exploration of remarkable magnetic properties down to the 2D limit with the potential to revolutionize the development of spintronic devices [27]. Plenty of efforts have been paid to stimulate magnetic responses locally or extrinsically in nonmagnetic 2D materials through engineering composition [28], introducing defects [29, 30], or the proximity effect [31, 32]. Regardless of the depolarization field and thermal fluctuations according to the Mermin– Wagner theorem [33], intrinsic long-range magnetic order has been realized in some two-dimensional van der Waals crystals [34–36]. This plays a vital role in fundamental studies of spin behaviour in low dimensions and enables new spintronics applications. These 2D magnetic nanosheets often exhibit novel properties and physical phenomena significantly different from their Address correspondence to [email protected]
bulk counterparts and conventional magnetic thin films [37]. As an example, there is layer-dependent ferromagnetism in CrI3 and Cr2Ge2Te6 nanosheets at low temperatures with an out-ofplane
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