Synthesis of Metallic and Metal Oxide Particles
The diversity of applications in catalysis, energy storage and medical diagnostics utilizes unique and fascinating properties of metal and metal oxide nanostructures. Confined to the nanometer scale, materials may display properties that are different fro
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Synthesis of Metallic and Metal Oxide Particles Kateryna Loza and Matthias Epple
Abstract The diversity of applications in catalysis, energy storage and medical diagnostics utilizes unique and fascinating properties of metal and metal oxide nanostructures. Confined to the nanometer scale, materials may display properties that are different from the equivalent bulk compounds. To meet the requirements for various applications, numerous production techniques were developed to control particle size, morphology, aggregation state, crystal structure, surface charge and composition. This chapter presents an overview of the preparation of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles by bottom-up and top-down approaches. We describe basic synthetic routes for prominent cases of metals (gold, silver, platinum and copper) and metal oxides (zinc oxide, titania, and silica).
1.1 Introduction Metal nanostructures attract particular interest because of their unique and fascinating properties compared to their bulk counterparts. The variety of applications comprises biological sensing [1, 2], imaging [3–9], medical diagnostics [10–12], cancer therapy [13, 14], catalysis [15, 16], and energy storage [17, 18]. The observed new chemical, optical, and thermal properties of metallic nanoparticles occur when the size is confined to the nanometer length scale [19]. Numerous techniques were developed to produce metal nanoparticles to meet the requirements for various applications. In general, there are two strategies to manufacture materials on the nanoscale: “Top-down” and “bottom-up” (Fig. 1.1) [20, 21]. The first method is based on breaking down a system (i.e., the bulk material) into smaller units. Common “top-down” techniques are lithography, milling, ultrasound treatment, and laser ablation. These processes K. Loza (B) · M. Epple Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141, Essen, Germany e-mail: [email protected] M. Epple e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 P. Gehr and R. Zellner (eds.), Biological Responses to Nanoscale Particles, NanoScience and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_1
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Fig. 1.1 Schematic illustration of synthetic methods for metal nanoparticles. (Adapted with permission from New J. Chem., 1998, 1179–1201. Copyright 1969 The Royal Society of Chemistry) [22]
are comparatively simple and usually lead to ligand-free (“naked”) nanoparticles. However, there is a limited control over the manufacturing process, e.g., an exact size or shape adjustment of resulting particles. The “bottom-up” method relies on material synthesis from atomic or molecular species via a suitable chemical reaction, allowing the particles to grow from smaller units. This approach uses the chemical properties of single molecules or atoms to cause self-organization into the desired particle shape. The “bottom-up” approach is commonly associated with wet-chemical methods, because colloidal metallic particles are commonly produced
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