Synthesis of Tri-S-Triazine Based g-C 3 N 4 Photocatalyst for Cationic Rhodamine B Degradation under Visible Light
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Synthesis of Tri‑S‑Triazine Based g‑C3N4 Photocatalyst for Cationic Rhodamine B Degradation under Visible Light Tanaporn Narkbuakaew1,2 · Pornapa Sujaridworakun1,2 Accepted: 10 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this research, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalysts were synthesized through a simple calcination process at various temperatures, which were 400, 500, 550, and 600 °C, by using low-cost urea as a precursor. The obtained g-C3N4 samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and porosity analyses, and ultraviolet–visible-nearinfrared (UV–VIS-NIR) spectroscopy. The correlations between the calcination temperature, properties, and photocatalytic activity of prepared products were investigated. The results demonstrated that the g-C3N4 photocatalysts can be successfully synthesized at temperatures of 500–600 °C with a controlled heating rate of 5 °C/min. In contrast, the intermediate product was observed in sample calcined at 400 °C. It was demonstrated that calcination at higher temperatures possibly increased the active sites and enhanced both of the photocatalytic activity and dye adsorption ability. Herein, the dye degradation efficiency (DE%) under visible light irradiation within 10 min were presented as 2.52, 16.01, 62.37, and 92.64% which were well developed as a function of calcination temperature from 400 °C, 500 °C, 550 °C, to 600 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the dye degradation rate could possibly induce decomposition pathway of rhodamine B. The photocatalytic efficiency was maintained after four times of reuse. It can be concluded that the thermal process plays an important role in controlling the properties and photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4. Keywords Bulk g-C3N4 · Photocatalysts · Cationic dye adsorption · Visible light
1 Introduction Water pollution has been recognized as a severe problem among environmental issues. Considerable endeavors have been devoted to alleviating water pollution problems by using photocatalytic materials. Because of several applicable properties of photocatalysts such as environmental friendliness, safety, and high performance, these catalysts have become promising materials for use in environmental applications. From the incoming sunlight, a large portion of emitted radiation is observed as visible light, representing * Pornapa Sujaridworakun [email protected] 1
Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
2
a much larger portion than that of UV light [1]. Therefore, there have been many attempts to modify and synthesize visible light photocatalysts to achieve high photocatalytic performance under visible light. For the past
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