Technology for Smart Futures
This book explores the nexus of Sustainability and Information Communication Technologies that are rapidly changing the way we live, learn, and do business. The monumental amount of energy required to power the Zeta byte of data traveling across the globe
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Technology for Smart Futures
Technology for Smart Futures
Mohammad Dastbaz • Hamid Arabnia Babak Akhgar Editors
Technology for Smart Futures
Editors Mohammad Dastbaz Deputy Vice Chancellor University of Suffolk Suffolk, United Kingdom
Hamid Arabnia Department of Computer Science The University of Georgia Athens, GA, USA
Babak Akhgar Director of CENTRIC Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, United Kingdom
ISBN 978-3-319-60136-6 ISBN 978-3-319-60137-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60137-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017949263 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
First we thought the PC was a calculator. Then we found out how to turn numbers into letters with ASCII — and we thought it was a typewriter. Then we discovered graphics, and we thought it was a television. With the World Wide Web, we’ve realized it’s a brochure. —Douglas Adams
The technological changes over the last four decades have perhaps rightly been termed as “the third industrial revolution.” It was some 36 years ago on 12 August 1981, when IBM launched its first PC. The first IBM PC had an Intel 8088 processor that ran at the speed of 4.77 MHz, it had a base memory of 16 kB expandable to 256 kB, and it carried no hard disk drive and only benefited from two 5–1/4 in, 160 kB capacity “floppy disk” drives. Comparing what was on offer then and now, where significant computing power is packed in our smart devices, demonstrates the amazing journey of technological advances over the past four decades. Devices capable of easily and seamlessly exchanging “terabytes” of data, processors capable of ov
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