Tectonic Analysis of Lineaments in the Gara Anticline, Kurdistan, Northern Iraq
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Tectonic Analysis of Lineaments in the Gara Anticline, Kurdistan, Northern Iraq Jamal A. H. Doski1 Received: 26 February 2016 / Accepted: 4 January 2019 Ó Indian Society of Remote Sensing 2019
Abstract Satellite images were used to interpret the tectonic origin of lineaments in the Gara anticline. This anticline is one of the largest structures in the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iraqi Kurdistan, near the northeastern boundary of the Arabian Plate. Lineaments of the Gara anticline were visually mapped on QuickBird images using the ESRI ArcGIS software and automatically extracted from Landsat 8 OLI data using the lineament extraction (LINE) module of PCI Geomatics software. The linear features obtained by both methods were statistically analyzed according to their orientation, length, frequency and density to provide a useful quantitative framework for interpreting the tectonic origin of these structures. Lineament orientations indicate a good symmetric relationship to the hinge of the Gara anticline. The results obtained from both techniques show five major sets: a hinge-perpendicular ‘‘extension’’ set (N 05°E), a hinge-parallel ‘‘extension’’ set (N 85°W) and three hinge-oblique ‘‘shear-hybrid’’ sets (N 45°E, N 45°W and N 75°E). These dominant trends are consistent with previous field studies. Most of the lineaments in the Gara anticline are tectonic in origin and probably developed during the growth of the Gara anticline by a regional N–S-directed compression in the Mid Miocene time. Keywords Fracture traces Lineaments Visual interpretation Automatic extraction Fold-related fractures QuickBird images Landsat 8 OLI sensor
Introduction and Tectonic Setting This study focuses on the tectonic analysis of lineaments in the Gara anticline using satellite images. The Gara anticline is one of the biggest anticlines exposed in the Foreland fold belt of Iraq. This belt is located within the Zagros orogenic belt near the northeastern boundary of the Arabian Plate (Fig. 1). The study area, between latitudes 36° 520 N–37° 040 N and longitudes 43° 120 E–43° 570 E, is situated within the Zagros fold-thrust belt as well as in the high folded zone of the unstable shelf of Iraq (Fig. 1). The Zagros orogen has been subdivided into three tectonic units across its width from NE to SW: the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic assemblage, the Zagros imbricate zone (the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone) and the Zagros fold-thrust belt (Alavi 2004) (Fig. 1). The Zagros orogenic belt in Iraq was & Jamal A. H. Doski [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Technical College of Engineering, Duhok Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq
divided by Jassim and Goff (2006) into three major tectonic zones: stable shelf, unstable shelf and suture zones (Fig. 1). The high folded zone has about 8-km-thick sedimentary cover above the Late Precambrian basement. This zone is characterized mainly by the harmonic fold structures with Mesozoic carbonates in their cores, and Cenozoic carbonates and clastics on their flanks. Mostl
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