Telecoupled impacts of livestock trade on non-communicable diseases
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(2019) 15:43
RESEARCH
Open Access
Telecoupled impacts of livestock trade on non-communicable diseases Min Gon Chung1,2
and Jianguo Liu1*
Abstract Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)—chronic human health problems such as cardiovascular diseases linked to poor diets—are significant challenges for sustainable development and human health. The international livestock trade increases accessibility to cheap animal products that may expand diet-related NCDs worldwide. However, it is not well understood how the complex interconnections among livestock production, trade, and consumption affect NCD risks around the world. Method: Our global dataset included 33 livestock products (meat, offal, and animal fats) in 156 countries from 1992 to 2011. We employed path analysis to uncover how livestock trade contributes to diet-related NCDs and identify underlying environmental and socioeconomic factors of livestock trade. Then we performed trend analyses to investigate long-term changes in livestock production and trade at a country level. Results: We found that livestock consumption through livestock import increased diet-related NCD risks. This was especially true in developing countries, which in general were not well prepared in terms of policies for NCD risk reduction, and where there was a lack of funding to implement the policies. Population size and income level were the main factors affecting global livestock import activities. Conclusions: Our results suggest that new governance structures to incorporate separate international efforts, improved national policies, and bolstering individual efforts are needed to decrease NCD risks, particularly in developing countries. Keywords: Livestock trade, Livestock consumption, Meat consumption, Non-communicable diseases, Telecoupling
Background The increasing risks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have been recognized as significant health challenges around the globe [1–4]. In 2011, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted a political declaration to reduce and prevent NCDs [5]. In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on NCDs dealt with both behavioral and metabolic risk factors and considered the social and economic impacts of NCDs [6]. Additionally, the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) rank NCDs as one of the core components that link human health and sustainable development [7–9]. Countries with continuous population and income growth have experienced a rapid nutrition transition * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
toward consuming more livestock products [1, 4, 10, 11]. But many countries cannot meet consumer demand for livestock through domestic production, and thus they are increasingly dependent on imported energy-dense animal products [12–14]. Livestock imports may lead to increases in the consumption of meat
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