Temperature self-regulating flat electric heaters based on MWCNTs-modified polymers
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Temperature self‑regulating flat electric heaters based on MWCNTs‑modified polymers Imran Ali1,2 · Tahani Saad AlGharni1 · Alexandr Shchegolkov3 · Aleksei Shchegolkov3 · Sung‑Hwan Jang4 · Evgeny Galunin5 · Fadey Komarov6 · Pavel Borovskikh7 · Gunel T. Imanova8 Received: 16 July 2020 / Revised: 27 October 2020 / Accepted: 7 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This article describes a technique for the manufacturing of the composites MWCNTs-modified elastomers. The effect of the different MWCNTs mass contents in the elastomer on specific volume and surface electrical resistivity values was investigated. The results on the heaters based on the elastomers and altered with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) over various catalysts are discussed. It was found that with an increase in the MWCNTs mass content, the maximum power is achieved at a lower voltage value. Besides, temperature fields were measured on the surface of heater samples, and it was established that the temperature variation on the sample surface did not exceed 5 °C, and the heaters had a heating rate of 0.2– 0.5 °C/s. Furthermore, a comparison of these heaters with the analogs previously reported by the other researchers is presented, indicating good importance of the reported work. The industrial (commercial) production of such devices is mainly associated with using in fan heaters for domestic purposes, in heaters built into clothes in underfloor heating systems and motor vehicles. The present work will find a good industrial application in the future. Keywords MWCNTs-modified polymers · Temperature self-regulation · Volume and surface resistance · Elastomer
Introduction The development of smart materials [1] and conductive polymers is a complex interdisciplinary issue requiring to take into account several interrelated parameters. Such polymers represent composites comprising the polymer matrix and the conductive dispersed phase. Various polymers [2], including polyethylene [3], * Imran Ali [email protected]; [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers [4], etc., can be used as matrices. Almasri et al. [5] reported the preparation of double-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride composites. The authors of this work reported that at the nanotubes concentration of 0.23 vol.%, a low percolation threshold can be observed, and the CNTs possess the potential for improving the efficiency of electroactive polymers. Besides, there are some papers where polymers such as propylene-ethylene copolymer [6], polychloroprene rubber [7] and silicone [8] were employed. Furthermore, in the development of conductive polymers, using carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) as a conductive phase in the polymer matrix composition is of great importance due to their high electrophysical properties [9–12]. Nanomodified polymers are employed as electric heating devices, for instance, for d
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