Temporal and Spatial Constraints to Daily out-of-Home Leisure in Urban China: a GPS-Based Time Diary Survey
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Temporal and Spatial Constraints to Daily out-of-Home Leisure in Urban China: a GPS-Based Time Diary Survey Jingjing Gui 1
& Howard
W. Harshaw 2 & Yanwei Chai 3
Received: 3 March 2020 / Accepted: 12 October 2020/ # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Temporal and spatial constraints are prevalent, structural barriers to daily leisure participation. This study explored different forms of temporal and spatial constraints that urban residents experience in China when they participate in daily leisure activities. A one-week time diary survey was conducted, coupled with GPS tracking. Data consisted of 3297 leisure activities nested within 333 residents in a suburban area of Beijing (i.e., Shangdi-Qinghe), China. Two-level (i.e., individual- and activity-level) logistic regression analyses were performed for weekdays and weekends separately. Our results demonstrate that the distribution, rather than an absolute amount, of free time influenced out-of-home leisure participation. Respondents’ weekend time was fragmented by spatiotemporal inflexible maintenance activities, thus lowering the possibility of out-of-home leisure engagement. Having previously participated in activity outside of the home increased the likelihood of out-of-home leisure involvement. Keywords GPS-based time diary survey . Out-of-home leisure . Spatial constraints . Time
constraints . Urban China
Leisure activities are subject to temporal and spatial constraints (e.g., geographical access to a recreation site). Lack of time has been reported—through various methods, Preparation of this article was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41529101 and 41571144) to the third author.
* Jingjing Gui [email protected]
1
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P 350 Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
2
Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
3
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
J. Gui et al.
including structured surveys (Lyu and Oh 2014), free listing (Chick et al. 2015), and indepth interviews (Henderson et al. 1995)—to be a highly constraining factor for leisure participation. As industrialization and urbanization have systematically and drastically changed people’s lifestyles and social and cultural norms, feelings of time scarcity have increased, as has demand for leisure experiences (Robinson and Godbey 1999). Godbey (2005) noted that “the irony of modern life is that free time is increasing, but, to a large section of the population, it feels like there is never enough time” (p. 193). However, the influences of temporal and spatial constraints to leisure may be indirect, and not solely reflected by lack of time or limited access to a recreational site. Because leisure is a malleable life domain, temporal and spatial constraints to daily leisure are likely imposed by other life domains; yet this has been under-studied. Mainland China is undergoing drastic demographic urb
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