Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
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Suggested Reading Darroch, J. E., Singh, S., & Frost, J. J. (2001). Differences in teenage pregnancy rates among five developed countries: The roles of sexual activity and contraceptive use. Family Planning Perspectives, 33(6), 244–250. Kirby, D. (1999). Reflections on two decades of research on teen sexual behavior and pregnancy. Journal of School Health, 69(3), 89–94. Kirby, D. (2001). Emerging answers: Research findings on programs to reduce teen pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Miller, F. C. (2000). Impact of adolescent pregnancy as we approach the new millennium. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 13(1), 5–8. Singh, S., & Darroch, J. E. (2000). Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing: Levels and trends in developed countries. Family Planning Perspectives, 32(1), 14–23.
NATALIE COLABIANCHI
Temporal Arteritis see Giant Cell Arteritis
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research of the National Institutes of Health indicates that 10.8 million people in the United States suffer from temporomandibular joint (TMJ) problems at any given time. While both men and women experience TMJ problems, 90% of those seeking treatment are women in their childbearing years. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) are one of the many causes of headache, facial pain, neck pain, and related symptoms. The TMJ differs from any other joints in the body in that it has a hinge action similar to the movements of the knees, and a sliding action similar to movements of the wrists. To locate the TMJ, place your fingers on each side of your face, just in front of your ears and gently open and close your mouth. Upon opening the mouth, the rounded end of bone at the top of the lower jaw, known as the condyle, will glide along a groove in the bone on the temple area (known as the temporal bone). Upon closing the mouth, the condyle will slide back to its original position. This can be felt by holding the fingers over the TMJ. A very thin soft disk lies between the condyle and the temporal bone. This disk acts as a shock absorber for the TMJ during daily functions such as chewing, talking, and yawning. It is during these actions that the TMJ and its surrounding muscles may be affected, resulting in any one of a number of uncomfortable conditions including TMD. TMD generally falls into three main categories: 1. Extracapsular (outside of the TMJ) or myofascial (surrounding muscle) pain. This is the most common form of TMD, which involves discomfort or pain in the muscles that control jaw function, as well as the neck and shoulder muscles. The pain involved stems from abnormalities in the tissues or muscles around the TMJ. 2. Intracapsular disorders or internal derangement of the TMJ refer to disorders within the joint itself. There is an abnormal joint structure interfering with or restricting normal joint function during movement of the jaw (mandibular movement). This involves a dislocated jaw, displaced disk, or injury to the condyle.
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