Th9 and Th22 immune response in young patients with type 1 diabetes
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Th9 and Th22 immune response in young patients with type 1 diabetes Monika Ryba-Stanisławowska1 • Paulina Werner1 • Agnieszka Brandt2 Małgorzata Mys´liwiec2 • Jolanta Mys´liwska1
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Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Th17, Th22 and Th9 are recently discovered effector populations that may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The presented study aimed to investigate the link between Th22 and Th9 subsets in type 1 diabetes, as this disease involves different subsets of CD4? T lymphocytes. The study groups consisted of 23 patients with type 1 diabetes and 11 healthy individuals. All subjects had CD4?IL-22 Th22 and CD4?IL-9 Th9 lymphocytes investigated by flow cytometry. In addition, the plasma concentrations of IL-22 as well as IL-9 were analyzed. Our study demonstrated that Th9 and Th22 cell counts as well as their plasma cytokines were upregulated in patients with type 1 and correlated with HbA1c and CRP values. Taking these all into account, one can conclude that Th22 and Th9 lymphocyte activities may contribute to chronic, low-level inflammation that is considered an integral part of type 1 diabetes. Keywords
Th22 Th9 Type 1 diabetes IL-22 IL-9
Introduction Th22 and Th9 are recently discovered effector populations related to each other in that they seem to be associated with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Nowadays, they are
under investigation and knowledge on these cell subsets is constantly developing. Th22 are main producers of IL-22 which was shown to regulate the course of different autoimmune diseases [1]. The profound, pathogenic Th22 response was observed in chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis [2], inflammatory bowel disease [3], psoriasis, atopic dermatitis [4] or multiple sclerosis [5]. Th22 lymphocytes seem to induce inflammation; however, in some disease states, the action of IL-22 may be protective. These are, for example, murine hepatitis [6], hepatitis B disease [7] or myasthenia gravis [8]. This dual function of IL22 may depend on the nature of the affected tissue and the local cytokine environment [9]. Th22 immunity is often associated with Th17 cells, which are expanded in several inflammation-related conditions including type 1 diabetes [10–13]. Recently, a new effector T-helper lymphocyte subset, Th9, was indentified in patients with some autoimmune as well as inflammatory diseases [14–16]. Th9 cells produce IL-9, which has multiple functions [17]. Th9, similarly to Th22, are able to enhance the activity of Th17 cells [16, 18], which was shown in a group of patients with type 1 diabetes [19]. As there are no data on the relationship between Th22 and Th9 in human autoimmune diseases, this study was aimed to find the link between Th22 and Th9 subsets in type 1 diabetic patients. Our findings may help to better understand the pathogenesis of this autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammatory reaction as well as provide new data on these cell subsets.
& Monika Ryba-Stan
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