The Archaeometallurgy of Copper Evidence from Faynan, Jordan
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Andreas Hauptmann
The Archaeometallurgy of Copper Evidence from Faynan, Jordan
With 170 Figures and 40 Tables
Volume editor Prof. Dr. Andreas Hauptmann Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum Forschungsstelle für Archäologie und Materialwissenschaften Hernerstraße 45, 44787 Bochum, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Series editors Prof. Dr. Bernd Herrmann
Prof. Dr. Günther A. Wagner
Universität Göttingen Institut für Anthropologie Bürgerstraße 40 37073 Göttingen, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Forschungsstelle Archäometrie Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Inner frontispiece Satellite view (Ikonos satellite data) of the ancient mining district of Faynan, Jordan, and its surroundings. Red dots in the image show mining and smelting sites. These are located mainly in the area of Wadi Jariye in the north, at Khirbet en-Nahas, at and near the Byzantine ruins of Faynan and at Umm el-Amad in the south. Clearly visible are the “Roman-Byzantine” terraces which might have been constructed as early as in the 4th millennium BCE. All satellite images are shown in this volume by courtesy of European Space Imaging / © European Space Imaging GmbH. Library of Congress Control Number: 2007925905 ISSN ISBN
1613-9712 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 978-3-540-72237-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com German edition © Andreas Hauptmann Bochum 2000 Publication of the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum no. 155 English edition © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 All rights reserved The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Typesetting: Stasch · Bayreuth ([email protected]) Production: Christine Adolph Printing: Krips bv, Meppel Binding: Stürtz AG, Würzburg Printed on acid-free paper
32/2132/CA – 5 4 3 2 1 0
Preface
The results presented in this book originate from field research carried out by the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum (hereafter called DBM) on the remains of early copper metallurgy in the area of Faynan, southern Jordan, between 1983 and 1993. It also contains results of later laboratory s
