The Behavior of Phosphorus During Reduction and Carburization of High-Phosphorus Oolitic Hematite with H 2 and CH 4
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OOLITIC iron ore is an important kind of iron ore, distributing mainly in France, the USA, Canada, Egypt, the former Soviet Union, and China.[1] It was reported that the oolitic iron ore reserves was about 140 million tons in Europe, 10 billion tons in China, and 66 million tons in Pakistan.[2,3] In China, with the sharp depletion of high-grade iron ore and the rising prices of imported iron ore, many steel enterprises should have to utilize domestic iron ore resources (especially high-phosphorus oolitic hematite). Efforts to exploit oolitic iron ore have been made for nearly 100 years. Oolitic iron ores can be upgraded by several methods, such as washing and calcining, gravity separation, and high-intensity magnetic separation.[4–6] So far, no satisfactory mineral process has been developed because of the low-grade of iron (35 to 50 wt pct), poor liberation of iron minerals, HENGHUI WANG, Ph.D. Student, and GUANGQIANG LI, Professor, are with the State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430081, P.R. China, and also with the Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology. Contact e-mail: [email protected] JIAN YANG, Master Student, and JIANGHUA MA, Lecturer, are with the Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology. BABAR SHAHZAD KHAN, Postdoctor, is with the State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology. Manuscript submitted December 30, 2015. Article published online June 13, 2016. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
high content of phosphorus, and so on. Compared with the other domestic iron ores currently utilized in large-scale, the high-phosphorus oolitic hematite has the disadvantages of low-grade iron, and high content impurity elements (like phosphorus and aluminum).[7] which limit the utilization of this oolitic iron ore. A lot of work has been done on phosphorus removal from the oolitic iron ore, but the results are not significant. High-phosphorus oolitic hematite can be reduced by carbothermic reduction at the temperature range of 1573 K to 1673 K (1300 °C to 1400 °C). But some apatite in the gangue will be reduced to phosphorus and the phosphorus will dissolve into metal iron, which intensifies the difficulty of phosphorus removal.[8–10] Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new process to utilize the high-phosphorus oolitic hematite at low temperature. Iron carbide is a very promising metallurgical product which can be used as an alternative to raw material with significant advantages in steelmaking, and it can be applied to catalysts, magnets, sensors, etc.[11] Some studies have been carried out on the preparation of iron carbide by carburization process at low temperature [about 773 K to 1123 K (500 °C to 850 °C)], but most of them were focused on high-grade iron ore with little gangue, such
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