The Chinese Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation
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The Chinese Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation Jiahe Feng1 · Yue Li1 · Yiwen Sun1 · Lin Wang1 · Wei Qi2 · Kenneth T. Wang2 · Yunzhen Xue1
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aim of the study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate the Chinese Spiritual Coping Scale. The items in the questionnaire were written according to the study’s theoretical conception and literature research. A sample of 415 participants with or without religious beliefs was used for exploratory factor analyses to select the items. In addition, another sample of 207 participants was used to cross-validate the factor structure and examine the internal consistency. The results supported the four-factor structure of the Chinese Spiritual Coping Scale (17 items, four dimensions: Mystical Experience, Moral Practice, Meaning Exploration, and Transcendent Attitude). The analyses demonstrated adequate internal consistency and construct validity. The overall psychometric evaluation of the Spiritual Coping Scale suggested that this could be a promising measure of spiritual coping for Chinese individuals. Keywords Instrument development · Spiritual coping · Religious belief · Validity · Reliability
Introduction The relationship between spirituality and health has long been a topic receiving much attention from both the public and academia, and the trend is still increasing. For example, over three decades between 1976 and 2006, publications on spirituality and health increased by 688% (Weaver et al. 2006). Historically in the West, spirituality was often simplistically equated with religiosity, given the prevalent JudeoChristian background of its cultural traditions (Baldacchino and Draper 2001). However, more recently, the two constructs of spirituality and religiosity have been further differentiated with a clearer definition of spirituality offered. * Yunzhen Xue [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Journal of Religion and Health
In earlier literature, spirituality was often defined in relatively vague, abstract terms, but researchers are increasingly reaching a consensus that spirituality is closely related to religiosity, transcendence, and connectivity. Religion was defined by Pargament (1997) as a search for significance related to the sacred, and religious coping was considered as efforts to understand and deal with life stressors in ways related to the sacred. Religion covered five important functions— Meaning, Control, Comfort, Intimacy/Spirituality, and Life Transformation (Pargament et al. 2000), with spirituality being the most critical function understood as a higher dimension of human potential (Pargament 2011). However, some researchers defined spirituality as the activity of going beyond or above the “self” with transcendence as the core element (Chiu et al. 2004). Others have also built on transcendence as the core of spirituality, delineating four dimensions: per
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