Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale (CPAS-11): development and initial validation
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Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale (CPAS-11): development and initial validation Allan B. I. Bernardo 1 & Norman B. Mendoza 2 & Patricia D. Simon 1 & Angela Lorraine P. Cunanan 1 & John Ian Wilzon T. Dizon 3 & Maria Caridad H. Tarroja 1 & Araceli Ma. Balajadia-Alcala 1 & Jesus Enrique G. Saplala 4 Accepted: 11 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic will increase as the outbreak continues and persist even after the pandemic passes. We developed an 11-item Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale (CPAS-11) to measure symptoms of anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic to help identify individuals who might need mental health services. In developing the scale items, we considered previous research and theory on anxiety symptoms and symptoms reported by clinically referred cases in the Philippines. The scale was validated in a Filipino sample (N = 925). Exploratory factor analysis indicated two factors corresponding to somatic and non-somatic symptoms; confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit for the two-factor model. CPAS11 showed good internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and screening accuracy. A cutoff score of 15 showed adequate sensitivity and specificity to distinguish GAD-7 screened participants. The results support the viability of CPAS-11 as a screening tool to identify individuals experiencing COVID-19-related anxiety. Keywords COVID-19 . Coronavirus . Pandemic . Anxiety . Mental health screening
Introduction In May 2020, the World Health Organization (2020) called attention to the mental health impact of the global novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak that continues to spread in many parts of the world. Research on past natural and human-instigated disasters has shown that emotional distress and other psychological symptoms tend to pervade in affected populations, and this pattern shall be the case in populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic (Pfefferbaum & North, 2020; Torales, O’Higgins, Castaldelli-Maia, & Ventriglio,
* Allan B. I. Bernardo [email protected] * Norman B. Mendoza [email protected] 1
De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
2
Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
3
Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, Philippines
4
The Cohen Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2020; Xiang et al., 2020). These mental health concerns may appear among individuals who have been infected by the COVID-19 virus, but also among persons who experience loss of close family members, continuing risk of infection, long periods of social isolation (Xiao, Zhang, Kong, Li, & Yang, 2020), and among medical and health workers (Lu, Wang, Lin, & Li, 2020). Reports from some countries show increases in mental health issues amidst the coronavirus pandemic specifically increases in reported levels of stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, denial, insomnia, fear, and anger (Cao et al., 2020; Roy et al., 202
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