The chronic kidney disease perception scale (CKDPS): development and construct validation
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
The chronic kidney disease perception scale (CKDPS): development and construct validation Haryati Anuar1,2* , Shamsul Azhar Shah1, Abdul Halim Abdul Gafor1 and Mohd Ihsani Mahmood3
Abstract Background: Chronic kidney disease has become a major health problem around the world. It displays no symptoms until the later stages. Therefore, its early detection is crucial, and a suitable intervention is necessary to halt its development. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a recently formulated Chronic Kidney Disease Perception Scale (CKDPS) for diabetic patients based on Social Psychology, and their perceptions based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). Methods: The newly developed CKDPS instrument was tested on 300 patients with diabetes mellitus in a crosssectional study. The number of domains, model-fit index, construct validity, and internal consistency of this instrument were determined using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The EFA yielded nine domains: illness identity, timeline motivation, medical practice and co-operation for Social Psychology, and perceived benefit, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived cue to action for HBM. Four items with low factor loading were removed. CFA yielded the following fit indices for Social Psychology: the goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.889, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.934, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.053, normed chi-square (NC) = 1.831; and the following for HBM: GFI = 0.834, CFI = 0.957, RMSEA = 0.053, NC = 1.830. Values of Cronbach’s α ranged between 0.760 and 0.909. Conclusions: The CKDPS includes 61 questions across nine domains, divided under two categories of Social Psychology and HBM. It is also a valid and reliable tool for measuring diabetic patients’ perception of CKD prevention that can be used in larger studies. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease perception scale, Factor analysis, Construct validity
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a major health problem affecting different aspects of human life around the world. It is often called a silent killer because it displays no symptoms until the later stages. Therefore,
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
early detection of the disease is crucial, and suitable intervention is necessary to halt or delay its development [1, 2]. CKD, also known as chronic kidney failure, is defined as a gradual kidney function loss over at least 3 months, posing a major health problem. In developing countries, it has skyrocketed into a growing epidemic, with over 20 million individuals having some degree of kidney failure. The rising elderly population and aggregate issues
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