The complete mitogenome of sea slug, Nembrotha kubaryana (Mollusca: Polyceridae)
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TECHNICAL NOTE
The complete mitogenome of sea slug, Nembrotha kubaryana (Mollusca: Polyceridae) Peng Xiang1 · Mao Lin1 · Yu Wang1 · Gilbert Audira2 · Sung-Tzu Liang2 · Chung-Der Hsiao2,3,4
Received: 22 November 2016 / Accepted: 3 December 2016 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016
Abstract In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of sea slug, Nembrotha kubaryana (Mollusca: Polyceridae), has been decoded for the irst time by low coverage whole genome sequencing method. The overall base composition of N. kubaryana mitogenome is 31.5% for A, 14.0% for C, 16.4% for G and 38.0% for T, and has low GC content of 30.5%. The assembled mitogenome, consisting of 14,598 bp, has unique 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs and two ribosomal RNAs genes. The N. kubaryana has the common mitogenome gene organization and feature of Nudipleura (a clade of sea slugs and sea snails). The complete mitogenome of N. kubaryana provides essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis for sea slugs and sea snails. Keywords Sea slug · Nembrotha kubaryana · Mitogenome · Next generation sequencing
Nudibranchs, or sea slugs, are found in all of the world’s oceans and are overlowing in southern African waters. * Chung-Der Hsiao [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
2
Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan
3
Center for Biomedical Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
4
Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
They are found in a variety of habitats, from tide pools down to the greatest depths penetrated by scuba divers, from the tropics where the largest diversity occurs, to icy Antarctica. Many are easy to be located, as they are brightly colored and visible in the open sea beneath rocks and coral slabs. The variety of nudibranchs living in this area can be attributed to the diversity of the marine environment. Nudibranchs are tiny organisms classiied under the phylum Mollusca and they are the largest order in the subclass Opisthobranchia. Nudibranchs are opisthobranch gastropods, commonly known as sea slugs. Unlike prosobranch gastropods, they generally lack protective shell. On the contrary, they depend on toxic secretions for protection against enemies. Furthermore, nudibranch tissues and its associate actinomycetes have the potential antibacterial trait against human pathogens (Kada and Karthick 2015). Nudibranchs are carnivorous. Many nudibranchs feed on other invertebrates such as hydroids, anemones, soft corals, and sponges. Several species are speciic about their dietary and feed on only a single organism or a particular part of it. These sea slugs have both female and male organs in the same individual, however usually the sperms and eggs are not expelled simultaneously (Allen and Steene 2001). Unfortunately, up to now, there are
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