The Controllable Design of Catalyst Inks to Enhance PEMFC Performance: A Review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
The Controllable Design of Catalyst Inks to Enhance PEMFC Performance: A Review Yuqing Guo1 · Fengwen Pan2 · Wenmiao Chen2 · Zhiqiang Ding1 · Daijun Yang1 · Bing Li1 · Pingwen Ming1 · Cunman Zhang1 Received: 1 June 2020 / Revised: 25 July 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 © Shanghai University and Periodicals Agency of Shanghai University 2020
Abstract Typical catalyst inks in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are composed of a catalyst, its support, an ionomer and a solvent and are used with solution processing approaches to manufacture conventional catalyst layers (CLs). Because of this, catalyst ink formulation and deposition processes are closely related to CL structure and performance. However, catalyst inks with ideal rheology and optimized electrochemical performances remain lacking in the large-scale application of PEMFCs. To address this, this review will summarize current progress in the formulation, characterization, modeling and deposition of catalyst inks. In addition, this review will highlight recent advancements in catalyst ink materials and discuss corresponding complex interactions. This review will also present various catalyst ink dispersion methods with insights into their stability and introduce the application of small-angle scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM) technologies in the characterization of catalyst ink microstructures. Finally, recent studies in the kinetic modeling and deposition of catalyst inks will be analyzed. Keywords Catalyst ink · Ink formulation · Ink modeling · Ink deposition process · Proton exchange membrane fuel cell · Catalyst layer
1 Introduction Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are devices that can convert chemical energy into electrical energy without combustion. PEMFCs are also promising energy conversion technologies in many applications such as vehicles as well as stationary and portable power generation systems due to unrivaled efficiency and environmental friendliness. At the core of PEMFCs is the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which consists of a gas diffusion layer (GDL), a microporous layer (MPL), a catalyst layer (CL) and a proton exchange membrane (PEM). Of these components, the CL is where reactions occur and is therefore key in PEMFCs [1]. * Bing Li [email protected] * Pingwen Ming [email protected] 1
School of Automotive Studies and Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
WeiChai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang, Shandong 261016, China
2
And to achieve optimal performances, CLs generally need to simultaneously facilitate several conditions [2–7], including the rapid transport of reactants to catalytic sites, the rapid transport of protons to catalytic sites from CL/PEM interfaces, the unhindered movement of electrons entering current collectors from CLs through conductive media and the timely removal of water from CLs. However, the coupling of transport phenomena in CLs in limited space is extremely complex and the mic
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