The COVID-19 pandemic: biological evolution, treatment options and consequences
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REVIEW
The COVID‑19 pandemic: biological evolution, treatment options and consequences Sovik Das1 · Swati Das2 · M. M. Ghangrekar1,2 Received: 10 May 2020 / Accepted: 19 June 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The spread of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the pandemic COVID-19 has emerged as a global matter of concern in the last couple of months. It has rapidly spread around the globe, which initially began in the city of Wuhan, People’s Republic of China and is hypothesized to originate from the group of Rhinolophus bats. Till date, there has been no clinically proven vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 and thus the doctors are employing the other well-known techniques, which have previously successfully tackled similar other human coronaviruses. To prevent the further spread of COVID-19, doctors are advising isolation of the infected patients, and also regular washing of hands and the use of face mask for the common people. In the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak, the countries are going for nationwide lockdown as the only preventive measure to avert community transmission of this disease, which is having economic, social and psychological effect on the general mass. Therefore, this comprehensive review article encapsulates the biological evolution of human coronaviruses, probable treatment and control strategies to combat COVID-19 and, its impact on human life. Keywords Coronavirus · COVID-19 · Pandemic · Respiratory infection · SARS-CoV-2 · Treatment
Introduction In the last week of December 2019, a patient infected with an undefined respiratory syndrome resembling viral pneumonia was admitted in Wuhan hospital, Wuhan, Hubei providence, People’s Republic of China (PRC). Later on, from the sequenced-based characterization of lower respiratory tract samples isolated from the infected patients, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that this viral disease is caused by a novel coronavirus and named the disease as COVID-19 [1]. The COVID-19, which has now emerged as a global pandemic, was reported to be first instigated from the seafood market where live animals like frogs, bats, snakes, snails, birds, pigs, cats and dogs are regularly wholesaled in Wuhan city of PRC [2]. After analysis of the genetic sequence of COVID-19 causing virus, it was decided that infected person might have visited the seafood market * Sovik Das [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
PK Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
2
situated in the Wuhan City or might have consumed infected birds or animals. Conversely, further surveys exposed that few cases were also reported where individuals got infected even though they have not visited the seafood market of the Wuhan city. Owing to this investigation, it was confirmed that COVID-19 causing virus was competent for community transmission through human as a carrier and thus, rapidly spread over more than 200 countri
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