The critical role of endothelial function in fine particulate matter-induced atherosclerosis
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REVIEW
Open Access
The critical role of endothelial function in fine particulate matter-induced atherosclerosis Shuang Liang1,2, Jingyi Zhang1,2, Ruihong Ning1,2, Zhou Du1,2, Jiangyan Liu1,2, Joe Werelagi Batibawa1,2, Junchao Duan1,2* and Zhiwei Sun1,2*
Abstract Ambient and indoor air pollution contributes annually to approximately seven million premature deaths. Air pollution is a complex mixture of gaseous and particulate materials. In particular, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) plays a major mortality risk factor particularly on cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms of atherosclerosis, thrombosis and inflammation. A review on the PM2.5-induced atherosclerosis is needed to better understand the involved mechanisms. In this review, we summarized epidemiology and animal studies of PM2.5-induced atherosclerosis. Vascular endothelial injury is a critical early predictor of atherosclerosis. The evidence of mechanisms of PM2.5-induced atherosclerosis supports effects on vascular function. Thus, we summarized the main mechanisms of PM2.5-triggered vascular endothelial injury, which mainly involved three aspects, including vascular endothelial permeability, vasomotor function and vascular reparative capacity. Then we reviewed the relationship between PM2.5-induced endothelial injury and atherosclerosis. PM2.5-induced endothelial injury associated with inflammation, pro-coagulation and lipid deposition. Although the evidence of PM2.5-induced atherosclerosis is undergoing continual refinement, the mechanisms of PM2.5triggered atherosclerosis are still limited, especially indoor PM2.5. Subsequent efforts of researchers are needed to improve the understanding of PM2.5 and atherosclerosis. Preventing or avoiding PM2.5-induced endothelial damage may greatly reduce the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Keywords: PM2.5, Endothelial dysfunction, Inflammation, Coagulation, Lipid deposition, Atherosclerosis
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that approximately 91% of people worldwide live in unhealthy environments where air quality levels exceed WHO limits. The combined effects of indoor and ambient air pollution result in approximately 7 million premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases every year [1]. Chemicals in the air initiate or potentiate a wide range of noncommunicable diseases [2]. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5, the aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) in air pollution * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People’s Republic of China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
became the fifth death risk factor in 2015 [3]. PM2.5 is a complex mixture, and its major source is combustion, such as traffic-related diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), industry, indoor cooking activities, and bushfires [4]. For example, the Australian bushfires in 2019-2020 had extreme impacts on air quality throughout the region and even the g
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