The dark components of the Universe are slowly clarified
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The Dark Components of the Universe Are Slowly Clarified V. V. Burdyuzha* Astro-Space Center, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ul. 84/32, Moscow, 117997 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received June 17, 2015
Abstract—The dark sector of the Universe is beginning to be clarified step by step. If the dark energy is vacuum energy, then 123 orders of this energy are reduced by ordinary physical processes. For many years, these unexplained orders were called a crisis of physics. There was indeed a “crisis” before the introduction of the holographic principle and entropic force in physics. The vacuum energy was spent on the generation of new quantum states during the entire life of the Universe, but in the initial period of its evolution the vacuum energy (78 orders) were reduced more effectively by the vacuum condensates produced by phase transitions, because the Universe lost the high symmetry during its expansion. Important problems of physical cosmology can be solved if the quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons are composite particles. The dark matter, partially or all consisting of familon-type pseudo-Goldstone bosons with a mass of 10—5–10–3 eV, can be explained in the composite model. Three generations of elementary particles are absolutely necessary in this model. In addition, this model realizes three relativistic phase transitions in a medium of familons at different redshifts, forming a large-scale structure of dark matter that was “repeated” by baryons. We predict the detection of dark energy dynamics, the detection of familons as dark matter particles, and the development of spectroscopy for the dark medium due to the probable presence of dark atoms in it. Other viewpoints on the dark components of the Universe are also discussed briefly. DOI: 10.1134/S1063776117020029
CONTENTS 1. Introduction………………………………….....................358 2. Dark Energy………………………………….....................359 3. Dark Matter…………………………………......................362 4. Conclusions…………………………………..................... 366 References…………………………………........................... 366
1. INTRODUCTION There has been some progress in understanding the dark components of the Universe (these are dark energy (DE) and dark matter (DM)). The dark components account for 95% of the total density of the Universe. The baryons constitute only 5%. Our Universe is probably part of a perpetually growing fractal (multiverse). Some difficulties have appeared with the multiverse [1], and it is first necessary to examine our Universe, which probably tunneled from an oscillating regime to the Friedmann one at the moment of its birth [2]. The dark energy of the Universe is probably vacuum energy with the equation of state w ≡ p/ρ = ‒1. The Planck experiment gives w = –1.006 ± 0.045 for this ratio and ΩDE ≈ 0.69 for the dark energy density. In addition, the dark energy did not change in this exper-
iment [3], which is surprising. Here, we will emphasize that the vacuum energy of the Universe must evolve with time (the same conclusion
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