The Development of an Efficient 2-to-4 Decoder in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata
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RESEARCH PAPER
The Development of an Efficient 2-to-4 Decoder in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Seyed-Sajad Ahmadpour1 • Mohammad Mosleh1
•
Mohammad-Ali Asadi1
Received: 3 August 2019 / Accepted: 28 August 2020 Shiraz University 2020
Abstract Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is known as one of the best alternative technologies for CMOS on nano-scale dimensions, which allows the design of digital circuits with high speed and density. Decoders are considered as one of the most widely used combinational circuits. They also play an important role in designing circuits such as FPGA, CLB, and memory addressing. In this paper, we propose an effective design of the 2-to-4 decoder in the QCA technology. The proposed design consists of only three inverter gates and six 3-input majority gates. Two single-layer and three-layer of the proposed 2-to-4 QCA decoder with only 56 and 62 cells are provided and they require 3 and 4 clock cycles respectively. Also, one multi-layer 3-to-8 QCA decoder is developed and implemented using the proposed 2-to-4 QCA decoder. The proposed circuits are simulated using the QCADesigner 2.0.3 tool. A comparison of the proposed 2-to-4 QCA decoder with related designs shows that the proposed decoder has a good performance in terms of the number of cells, the occupied area, and the delay criteria. Also, the QCAPro tool is used to compute the power dissipation of the proposed decoder. Finally, the results are affirmed by physical proofs. Keywords Nanotechnology Circuit design 2-to-4 decoder Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) QCADesigner
1 Introduction During the past decades, the semiconductor industry, benefitting from the CMOS technology, has increasingly grown in the field of device integration. However, due to its physical limitations, such as short channel effect, impurity variation, and heat, the CMOS technology is expected to encounter some challenges for further development in the future (Wang et al. 2003; Vetteth 2002; Gargini 2000). To overcome CMOS constraints, the novel technology of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA)(Noorallahzadeh and Mosleh 2019a, 2019b) has been promising for the next ICs generation (Bahar and Wahid 2019). The simplest element in QCA technology is a square-shaped cell where four quantum dots are located in its four corners (Ahmadpour et al. 2019; Ahmadpour and Mosleh 2019a). Information is transferred by Coulomb’s interactions between the cells & Mohammad Mosleh [email protected] 1
instead of the electric current (Ahmadpour and Mosleh 2019; Ahmadpour et al. 2018; Ahmadpour and Mosleh 2018). Up to now, many computational circuits such as multiplier (Faraji and Mosleh 2018), adder (Seyedi and Navimipour 2018; Gadim and Navimipour 2018; Seyedi and Navimipour 2017; Seyedi et al. 2019; Sandhu and Gupta xxx), RAM (Seyedi et al. 2019; Fam and Navimipour 2019; Kianpour and Sabbaghi-Nadooshan 2015), and multiplexer (Nejad and Mosleh 2017; Asfestani and Heikalabad 2017; Sabbaghi-Nadooshan and Kianpour 2014) have been designed and implemented in QCA. One of the
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