The Ecological Design and Planning Reader
From Henry David Thoreau to Rachel Carson, writers have long examined the effects of industrialization and its potential to permanently alter the world around them. Today, as we experience rapid global urbanization, pressures on the natural environment to
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Ecological Design and Planning Reader Edited by Forster O. Ndubisi
The Ecological Design and Planning Reader
The Ecological Design and Planning Reader
Edited by Forster O. Ndubisi
washington | covelo | london
Copyright © 2014 Forster O. Ndubisi All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 2000 M Street NW, Suite 650, Washington DC 20036 Island Press is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The ecological design and planning reader / edited by Forster O. Ndubisi. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-61091-490-1 (hardback) — isbn 1-61091-490-2 (cloth) — isbn 978-1-61091-489-5 (paper) 1. Urbanization—Environmental aspects. 2. City planning—Environmental aspects. 3. Land use— Environmental aspects. 4. Land use—Planning. 5. Nature—Effect of human beings on. 6. Human ecology. I. Ndubisi, Forster, 1955– editor of compilation. HT241.E368 2014 304.2’091732—dc23 2014013858 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Keywords: Adaptation, biodiversity, bioregionalism, ecological design, ecological urbanism, ecosystem approach, environmental conservation, land ethic, land suitability, landscape, landscape ecology, nature, regionalism, resilience, Smart Growth, urban sustainability
For my parents, the late Dr. Bennett E. Ndubisi and Lady Mary Ndubisi My in-laws, the late Mr. William and Mrs. Mary Martin and My wife June and daughter Danielle.
Contents
Preface Acknowledgments Introduction
xvii xxi 1
Part One: Historical Precedents Introduction to Part One
13
Henry David Thoreau, “Higher Laws,” Walden (1854 )
20
George Perkins Marsh, “Introduction” (excerpts), Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action (1864)
25
David Lowenthal, “New Introduction” (2003), Man and Nature (1864) by George Perkins Marsh
33
Ebenezer Howard, “The Town-Country Magnet,” Garden Cities of To-morrow (1898)
51
Patrick Geddes, “The Study of Cities,” Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics (1915)
58
Benton MacKaye, “Regional Planning and Ecology,” Ecological Monographs (1940)
66
Frederick Steiner, Gerald Young, and Ervin Zube, “Ecological Planning: Retrospect and Prospect,” Landscape Journal (1988)
72
x
Contents
Part Two: Ethical Foundations Introduction to Part Two
93
Ian McHarg, “Man and the Environment,” The Urban Condition (1963)
97
Aldo Leopold, “The Land Ethic,” A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There (1949)
108
Rachel Carson, “The Obligation to Endure,” Silent Spring (1962)
122
Timothy Beatley, “Ethical Duties to the Environment,” Ethical Land Use: Principles of Policy and Planning (1994)
131
J. Baird Callicott, “Whither Conservation Ethics?” Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy (1999
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