The Effect of Acute Interpersonal Racial Discrimination on Smoking Motivation and Behavior Among Black Smokers: an Exper
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The Effect of Acute Interpersonal Racial Discrimination on Smoking Motivation and Behavior Among Black Smokers: an Experimental Study Patricia F. Calixte-Civil 1
&
Thomas H. Brandon 1,2
Received: 30 July 2020 / Revised: 12 October 2020 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 # W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute 2020
Abstract In comparison to White smokers, Black smokers are likely to report both more discrimination and less success in smoking cessation. No previous study has tested the causal relationship between an experience of racial discrimination and smoking variables associated with cessation. The goal of this study was to test the causal influence of interpersonal racial discrimination on smoking motivation (i.e., the urge to smoke cigarettes, cessation self-efficacy, and smoking behavior) using a controlled experimental design. We used a virtual ball-playing game to create a laboratory model of racial discrimination. A 2 × 2 betweensubjects factorial design (inclusion/exclusion vs. ingroup/outgroup) was used to randomly assign participants to one of four groups: (1) included/ingroup, (2) included/outgroup, (3) excluded/ingroup (ostracism), and (4) excluded/outgroup (racial discrimination). Sixty-nine Black smokers were recruited from the community. Participants in the excluded conditions reported lower cessation self-efficacy than those in the included conditions. Participants in the outgroup conditions had reduced latency to smoke compared to those in the ingroup conditions. There were no main effects of social inclusion on cravings or latency to smoke and no statistically significant interactions for social inclusion × group membership. This laboratory simulation of racial discrimination shows a causal relationship between exclusion and low cessation self-efficacy, which contributes to a better understanding of influences upon smoking cessation attempts among Black smokers. Keywords Health disparities . Social exclusion . Smoking . African American . Tobacco
Tobacco-Related Health Disparities On average, tobacco smokers are expected to die 10 years earlier than non-smokers [1]. The risk of morbidity and mortality is even greater for some Americans, and one of the most pervasive patterns of health disparities exist among individuals who identify as Black [2]. Blacks are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease, cancers of the respiratory system, breast cancer, and cancers of the colon, rectum, liver, and gallbladder [2, 3]. Furthermore, these health disparities persist among tobacco users. Blacks have the highest risk and
* Patricia F. Calixte-Civil [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
2
Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Tobacco Research & Intervention Program, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 4115 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33617, USA
prevalence of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality despite starting smoking later in life [4, 5], being more intermittent/ non-daily smokers [6], and smoking fewer cigarettes
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