The Effect of Electromagnetic Pulse on the Formation of Copper Crystals
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MA ELECTROCHEMISTRY
The Effect of Electromagnetic Pulse on the Formation of Copper Crystals V. Krymskya and J. Mingazhevaa, * a
South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia *e-mail: [email protected]
Received April 13, 2020; revised April 13, 2020; accepted April 20, 2020
Abstract—The paper presents experimental results on the impact of nanosecond electromagnetic pulses (NEMI) on the formation of copper crystals. We confirmed the possibility of obtaining conglomerates of iron of roughly 90 nm, which provides evidence of the influence of NEMI on the formation of new, very small compounds. We also revealed the influence of NEMI on the formation of copper crystals on electrodes. Keywords: nanosecond electromagnetic pulses, nanostructured conglomerates, X-ray microanalysis, copper crystals DOI: 10.1134/S0018143920050112
INTRODUCTION Recently, there has been increasing general interest in the processes occurring in liquids under the influence of electric charge [1−9]. The hydrodynamic effect of an electric discharge in water was presented in the works of K.A. Naugolnykh and K.A. Ray [10] as well as L.A. Yutkin [12]. In [10, 11], two types of breakdowns of the interelectrode space were determined: streamers and thermal. A streamer or leader breakdown occurs at high voltages between the tip connected to the positive pole of the source and the plane connected to the negative pole. During thermal breakdown, the conduction current heats and evaporates water at the electrodes. A gas bridge forms, along which the breakdown continues further. In both cases, after the formation of the discharge channel, the current heats the plasma to 10 4 K at a pressure of 103 atm. Plasma density reaches up to 1020 particles per cm3. Formulas are provided for the electric field strength between the electrodes and the maximum length of the pierced gap. Attention is mostly focused on the mechanism of occurrence and the characteristics of hydrodynamic shock. Issues of the influence of this process on the chemical composition of water are not considered. The main parameters of the discharge include energy and duration. Both parameters can differ significantly and depend, first of all, on the goals of using an electric discharge in a liquid. The approximate spread of the discharge energies can be from 1 to 105 J; the discharge power can reach values of the order of 102–105 kW. It was found experimentally that the
highest discharge efficiency is achieved with a discharge duration of 10–1 to 100 μs. However, the discharges which are used can have a duration of 10–4 to 10–6 s. In some cases, the energy density reaches about 100–1000 J/cm3. L.A. Yutkin [12, 13] considered similar questions. The author provided a more detailed analysis of the process of cavitation pocket occurrence and analyzed the properties of the emerging magnetic field. Water decay is only used in two parts H+ and OH–. The author’s main focus was on the technical use of electrical discharge. There are methods for producing nano-dispersed metal oxides through electroch
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