The effect of royal jelly and tocotrienol-rich fraction along with calorie restriction on hypothalamic endoplasmic retic
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RESEARCH NOTE
The effect of royal jelly and tocotrienol‑rich fraction along with calorie restriction on hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and adipose tissue inflammation in diet‑induced obese rats Pardis Irandoost1, Naimeh Mesri Alamdari1, Atoosa Saidpour2, Farzad Shidfar3,4, Farnaz Farsi4, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi5, Mohammad Reza Alivand6 and Mohammadreza Vafa3*
Abstract Objectives: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes adipose tissue dysfunction and chronic inflammation in obesity. Royal jelly (RJ) and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) are reported to ameliorate inflammation. However, the improving effects of RJ and TRF on inflammation from ER stress modulating view have not been assessed so far. Hence, we investigated the effect of RJ and TRF on ER stress and some adipose tissue-derived inflammatory markers in the highfat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Wistar obese rats randomly allocated into 5 groups: HFD, calorie restriction diet (CRD), RJ + CRD, TRF + CRD, RJ + TRF + CRD. After 8-week intervention, adipose tissues and hypothalamus were dissected and serum was collected. Results: RJ reduced glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78) expression as ER stress indicator in WAT and hypothalamus compared to CRD. Besides, RJ diminished the expression of inflammatory markers in white adipose tissue (WAT) and also decreased the serum concentration of them. TRF reduced inflammatory markers in the serum without remarkable effects on ER stress. Overall, RJ has protective effect against adipose tissue dysfunction and inflammation then suggested as a therapeutic approach to reduce some obesity-related complications. The impact of TRF in this regard is lower than RJ and limited to systemic inflammation improvement without remarkable changes in adipose tissue inflammation. Keywords: Obesity, Endoplasmic reticulum stress, Inflammation, Royal jelly, Tocotrienol-rich fraction Introduction Obesity is one of the major causes of chronic disease worldwide and its association with inflammation is well established [1]. White adipose tissue (WAT) regulates body metabolism by releasing several hormone and *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 3 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
cytokines [2, 3]. High amount secretion of inflammatory cytokines from expanded WAT and disproportion in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) vs interleukin-10 (IL-10), adiponectin contribute to obesityrelated complications [4, 5]. Several obesity-induced disorders are etiologically attributed to chronic inflammation in relation to obesity [6, 7]. Increasing evidence points to another
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