The Effect of the Low FODMAP Diet on Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Behavioral Problems and Nutrient Intake in Children with
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The Effect of the Low FODMAP Diet on Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Behavioral Problems and Nutrient Intake in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial Nalan Hakime Nogay1,4 · Jennifer Walton2,6 · Kristen M. Roberts3 · Marcia Nahikian‑Nelms4 · Andrea N. Witwer5
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Some research suggests that GI symptoms seen in children with ASD may relate to behavior problems. The objective of this pilot study was to assess the effect of the low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) diet on GI and behavioral problems in children with ASD. At follow-up, the low FODMAP diet group had significant relief in some GI problems compared with both baseline in the group and control group. At baseline and at follow-up, there were no significant differences in behavioral problems between the low FODMAP diet group and the control group. Randomized controlled studies including larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the effects of low FODMAP diets in children with autism who have gastrointestinal problems. Keywords Autism · FODMAP · Diet · Behavior · Gastrointestinal
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty with social interaction and communication and the presence of limited interests and repetitive behaviors typically seen before 3 years of age (Tuohy et al. 2015). The prevalence of ASD in the United States in 2014 was 1 in 59 among children aged 8 years (Baio et al. 2018). Individuals with ASD often experience * Nalan Hakime Nogay [email protected]; [email protected] Jennifer Walton [email protected] Kristen M. Roberts [email protected] Marcia Nahikian‑Nelms Marcia.Nahikian‑[email protected] Andrea N. Witwer [email protected] 1
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including chronic constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, abdominal distention, gastroesophageal reflux, and vomiting (Reddy and Saier 2015). The most common GI disorder reported for children with ASD is functional constipation (85%), which has been correlated with speech disorders (Gorrindo et al. 2012). Deficiency in verbal communication or lack of communication of children with ASD causes difficulties in recognizing underlying causes of GI conditions and other medical problems. Pain, 3
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 453 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 453 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Department of Psychology and Psych
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