Caffeine intake and cognitive functions in children
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ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Caffeine intake and cognitive functions in children Han Zhang 1,2 & Zu Xuan Lee 1 & Anqi Qiu 1 Received: 23 January 2020 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Rationale There is a growing concern over excessive caffeine use and development of caffeine use disorder in children. Objectives This study aimed to identify the association between caffeine intake and cognitive functioning in children. Methods This study included 11,718 youths aged 9–10 years with cognitive and caffeine intake information that were extracted from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The ABCD study is a longitudinal cohort study started in 2017 that aims to understand the relationships between substance use and neurocognition in youths living in the USA. Cognitive measures were obtained through the 7 core cognitive instruments from the NIH toolbox (vocabulary comprehension, reading decoding, inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and episodic memory). Associations between caffeine intake and the seven cognitive functions were examined using multiple regression models. Results Our study revealed that caffeine intake negatively correlated with all the seven cognitive measures. After adjustment for age, gender, sleep, and socioeconomic status (SES), caffeine intake was still found to be negatively associated with most of the cognitive functions, such as vocabulary comprehension, working memory, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and episodic memory, except reading decoding, and inhibitory control. Conclusions As beverages with caffeine are consumed frequently, controlling their intake may reduce a risk for nonoptimal cognitive development in children. Keywords Caffeine . Cognition . Children . Executive function
Introduction Caffeine is one of major components in the most commonly consumed beverages, such as tea, energy drinks, and soda, in the world (Higdon and Frei 2006). Globally, a large number of children consume caffeine on a day-to-day basis with a daily consumption level of 37.3 mg/day (U.S), 26.7 mg/day (Canada), 20 mg/day (New Zealand), 19.2 mg/day (Australia), and 23.25 mg/day (Branum et al. 2014). Soda is the primary source (38%) of caffeine for children (aged 2– Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05596-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Anqi Qiu [email protected] 1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
2
School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
13 years) (Verster and Koenig 2018). Although according to some health regulatory bodies, such as Health Canada, the consumption of caffeine by adults less than 400 mg daily does not present any health risks and may provide certain benefits such as improved concentration, alertness, or even athletic performance, higher doses may instead res
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