The effect of the postmortem interval on the redistribution of drugs: a comparison of mortuary admission and autopsy blo
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The effect of the postmortem interval on the redistribution of drugs: a comparison of mortuary admission and autopsy blood specimens Dimitri Gerostamoulos • Jochen Beyer • Voula Staikos • Penny Tayler • Noel Woodford Olaf H. Drummer
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Accepted: 16 April 2012 / Published online: 22 May 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract Postmortem redistribution (PMR) is an accepted toxicological phenomenon that may affect the interpretation of postmortem blood concentrations. The extent of PMR is not well understood for some drugs. This report describes the PMR of selected substances resulting from the analysis of 149 cases comparing blood specimens taken at admission of the deceased to the mortuary and then at autopsy. Blood was collected in preserved tubes containing 1 % sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate. All cases were subject to a full autopsy and blood extracts were analyzed using a targeted screen by LC–MS/MS. 30 drug or drug metabolites that were detected with an incidence of 6 or more were included in this study. The pre-autopsy interval ranged from 0.5 to 164 h (6.4 days) with an average of 64 h for the cases analyzed. The increase in drug concentration from mortuary admission to autopsy ranged from 30 % for drugs such as citalopram, mirtazapine, and sertraline to 300 % for doxylamine. Only 7 drugs of the 30 studied showed increases of greater than 20 % when comparing autopsy to mortuary admission blood irrespective of the length of the postmortem interval. Drugs including methadone, EDDP, fluoxetine, mirtazapine, and sertraline all showed statistically significant increases during the pre-autopsy interval (p \ 0.05) while 6-acetylmorphine, 9-hydroxy-risperidone, and caffeine showed significant decreases (p \ 0.05) from mortuary admission D. Gerostamoulos (&) J. Beyer V. Staikos P. Tayler N. Woodford O. H. Drummer Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 57-83 Kavanagh St, Southbank 3006, Australia e-mail: [email protected] D. Gerostamoulos J. Beyer O. H. Drummer Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, 57-83 Kavanagh St, Southbank 3006, Australia
to autopsy. While femoral blood is thought to reduce PMR, this data shows that for some drugs significant redistribution can occur even when taking peripheral specimens irrespective of the delay in the postmortem interval. Keywords Postmortem redistribution Postmortem interval Toxicology Forensic autopsy Femoral blood Heart blood
Introduction Postmortem redistribution (PMR) is a well known toxicological phenomenon which affects the interpretation of postmortem (PM) blood concentrations. The process of redistribution can affect the concentration of drugs in postmortem blood as a result of a disruption of cellular membranes, causing alterations of drug concentrations within tissue elements and diffusion from one tissue to another [1]. This process is particularly significant for drugs with high lipid solubility or high tissue concentrations relative to blood [2–4]. The degree of redistribution cannot be
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