The effects of amino acids and fatty acids on the disease resistance of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus in response to Vibrio
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The effects of amino acids and fatty acids on the disease resistance of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus in response to Vibrio vulnificus infection A’wani Aziz Nurdalila2 · Maya Erna Natnan1 · Syarul Nataqain Baharum1 Received: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract Mass mortality resulting from bacterial infection poses a major problem in the grouper aquaculture industry. The purpose of this study was to profile the metabolites released in challenged fish and to reconstruct the metabolic pathways of brown marble grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) in response to Vibrio vulnificus infection. Metabolite profiles from control and challenged treatment groups after feeding were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Forty metabolites were identified from the GC–MS analysis. These metabolites comprised of amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids and carbohydrates. The profiles showed the highest percent area (33.1%) for leucine from the amino acid class in infected fish compared to the control treatment group (12.3%). Regarding the fatty acid class, a higher percent area of the metabolite 8,11-eicosadienoic acid (27.04%) was observed in fish infected with V. vulnificus than in the control treatment group (22.5%). Meanwhile, in the carbohydrate class, glucose (47.0%) was the metabolite in the carbohydrate class present at highest percentage in the control treatment group compared to infected fish (30.0%). Our findings highlight the importance of a metabolic analysis for understanding the changes of metabolites in E. fuscoguttatus in response to bacterial infections. Keyword Epinephelus fuscoguttatus · Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) · Amino acids · Fatty acids · Vibrio vulnificus
Introduction Grouper are distributed across the Indo-Pacific, encompassing the Persian Gulf, India and the west-central Pacific Ocean. Although most groupers are wide-ranging species, they face multiple threats, including habitat destruction and overfishing. In tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia, the brown marble grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus is considered the most economically valuable fish species in the aquaculture industry (Baharum and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02543-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Syarul Nataqain Baharum [email protected] 1
Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Malaysia
Kolej GENIUS Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kompleks GENIUS Insan, Bandar Baru, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Nurdalila 2011, 2012; Nurdalila et al. 2015). The grouper fish industry may face substantial economic losses because of the increasing mortality trends of E. fuscoguttatus juveniles that are susceptible to Vibrio vulnificus infection (Liu et al. 2004; Sarjito et al. 2009; Pan et al.
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