The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Upper-Body Musculature Located Distal and Proximal to Applied Pressure
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REVIEW ARTICLE
The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Upper-Body Musculature Located Distal and Proximal to Applied Pressure Scott J. Dankel1 • Matthew B. Jessee1 • Takashi Abe2 • Jeremy P. Loenneke1
Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Abstract Blood flow restriction (BFR) training has been shown to increase muscle size and strength when combined with low-load [20–30 % one-repetition maximum (1RM)] resistance training in the lower body. Fewer studies have examined low-load BFR training in combination with upper body exercise, which may differ as some musculature cannot be directly restricted by the BFR stimulus (chest, shoulders). The objective of this study was to examine muscle adaptations occurring in the upper body in response to low-load BFR training. Google Scholar, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus were searched through July 2015 using the key phrases ‘blood flow restriction training’, ‘occlusion resistance training’, and ‘KAATSU’. Upper body training studies implementing the BFR stimulus and providing a pre and post measure of muscle size and/or strength were included. A total of 19 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. The effectiveness of lowload BFR training appears to be minimally impacted by alterations to the intensity and restrictive pressures used; however, the ability to quantitatively analyze our results was limited by unstandardized protocols. Low-load BFR training increased muscle size and strength in limbs located proximal (chest, shoulders) and distal (biceps, triceps) to the restrictive stimulus; while volume-matched exercise in the absence of BFR did not elicit beneficial muscle
& Jeremy P. Loenneke [email protected] 1
Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, PO Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA
2
National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
adaptations. Some of the musculature in the upper body cannot be directly restricted by the application of BFR. Despite this, increases in muscle size and strength were observed in muscles placed under direct and indirect BFR.
Key Points Low-load resistance exercise in combination with blood flow restriction (BFR) in the upper body produces similar muscle adaptations to high-load resistance training. Increases in muscle size and strength are observed in muscles not directly under BFR (i.e., muscles proximal to the applied pressure). The benefits observed with resistance exercise in combination with BFR in the upper body appear to occur with relatively low loads and pressures.
1 Introduction It was originally thought that training with loads lower than 70 % one-repetition maximum (1RM) would not result in muscle hypertrophy [1]. Recent studies have provided some insight that both low-load training to volitional fatigue [2–4], and low-load blood flow restriction (BFR) training [5, 6] can produce increases in muscle size comparable to high-load training. While mechanical tension is though
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