The Effects of Graphene Oxide and Partially Reduced Graphene Oxide on Staphylococcus aureus , Dermal Fibroblasts, and Ke
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MRS Advances © 2018 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.243
The Effects of Graphene Oxide and Partially Reduced Graphene Oxide on Staphylococcus aureus, Dermal Fibroblasts, and Keratinocytes Rebecca Isseroff1,2; Roshan Reddy2; Nicholas Williams2; Jerry Reyes2; Clement Marmorat1; Marcia Simon3; Fan Yang1; Stephen Walker3; and Miriam Rafailovich1. 1
Dept. of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
2
Lawrence High School, Cedarhurst, NY 11516 USA
3
Stony Brook School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
ABSTRACT
Graphene and graphene oxide are being investigated for use in drug delivery systems, bioimaging, and antimicrobial applications. However, their effects, if any, on healthy cells need to be established before they can be deemed safe for therapeutic use. This research tested whether graphene oxide (GO) and/or partially reduced graphene oxide (pRGO) exhibit antimicrobial properties on Staphylococcus aureus; and also examined the growth and proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes in media modified with graphene oxide or partially reduced graphene oxide. Staphylococcus aureus was able to proliferate in both GO and pRGO- modified growth media as well as on gelatin made with GO and pRGO solutions. Both GO and pRGO increased dermal fibroblast doubling time and displayed lower cell counts compared to the control, with pRGO exerting a more pronounced effect than GO. After 4 days of keratinocyte incubation, GO and pRGO showed cell counts 75-80% less than the control. Cell counts of test samples dropped even lower by day 5 while the control cell count increased, suggesting that more investigation into the properties as well as the safety of graphene and its derivatives needs to be done before it is implemented for medical applications.
INTRODUCTION Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) are being increasingly investigated for biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems, gene therapy for genetic diseases, biosensing, bioimaging, and more [1]. In addition, there have been several claims that graphene displays strong bacterial cytotoxicity. For example, a reduced graphene oxide/silver nanohybrid has been found to display antimicrobial activity when tested on wistar rats, without exerting any visible irritation or toxicity [2]. Graphene oxide nanosheets have been found to destroy the cell wall of dental pathogens, causing the cell
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contents to leak out and thus kill the bacteria [3]. In addition, graphene oxide has been found to be antimicrobial when tested with Escherichia coli, and the mechanism by which this operates is hypothesized to be by creating membrane stress and then superoxide anion-independent oxidation [4]. Since fully reduced graphene oxide is not soluble in water-bas
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