The Effects of Maternal Atrazine Exposure and Swimming Training on Spatial Learning Memory and Hippocampal Morphology in
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
The Effects of Maternal Atrazine Exposure and Swimming Training on Spatial Learning Memory and Hippocampal Morphology in Offspring Male Rats via PSD95/NR2B Signaling Pathway Dandan Wang1 · Bai Li1 · Yanping Wu1 · Baixiang Li1 Received: 23 December 2018 / Accepted: 1 June 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Atrazine (ATR), a widely used herbicide, has been previously shown to damage spatial memory capability and the hippocampus of male rats during the development. It has also been indicated that physical exercise can improve learning and memory in both humans and animals, as a neuroprotective method. Our aim here was to investigate the effect of maternal ATR exposure during gestation and lactation on spatial learning and memory function and hippocampal morphology in offspring and to further evaluate the neuroprotective effect of swimming training and identify possible related learning and memory signaling pathways. Using Sprague-Dawley rats, we examined behavioral and molecular biology effects associated with maternal ATR exposure, as well as the effects of 8 or 28 days swimming training. Maternal exposure to ATR was found to impair spatial learning and memory by behavioral test, damage the hippocampal morphology, and reduce related genes and proteins expression of learning and memory in the hippocampus. The extended, 28 days, period of swimming training produced a greater amelioration of the adverse effects of ATR exposure than the shorter, 8 days, training period. Our results suggest that maternal ATR exposure may damage the spatial learning and memory of offspring male rats via PSD95/NR2B signaling pathway. The negative effect of ATR could be at least partially reversed by swimming training, pointing to a potential neuroprotective role of physical exercise in nervous system diseases accompanying by learning and memory deficit. Keywords Atrazine · Swimming training · Spatial learning memory · Hippocampus · PSD95 · NR2B Abbreviations ATR Atrazine IEG Immediate-early gene JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase NMDA N-methyl-d-aspartic acid NR2B NMDA receptor subunit 2B PI3 K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
Dandan Wang and Bai Li are Co-first authors. * Baixiang Li [email protected] Dandan Wang [email protected] Bai Li [email protected] Yanping Wu [email protected] 1
Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
p-JNK Phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase PSD95 Postsynaptic density protein-95
Introduction Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5triazine, ATR) is a low-cost and highly effective broad spectrum herbicide that has been widely used to control grasses and weeds in agriculture for decades (Eldridge et al. 1994). Although it was banned in the European Union, ATR is still frequently detected in aqueous environments in Europe (Dong et al. 2017; Rimayi et al. 2018) because of its high persistence. Since ATR is still used extensively in China, the USA, South Africa, and
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