The Effects of Somatostatin on Immune Cells, Functions and Diseases
Somatostatin (SST) is a ubiquitous neuropeptide hormone that was first extracted from bovine hypothalamus as an inhibitor of growth hormone secretion (Brazeau et al. 1973). The SST gene is a very ancient gene present in all vertebrate classes (Tostivint e
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The Effects of Somatostatin on Immune Cells, Functions and Diseases €sta Sundqvist Toomas Talme and Karl-Go
Contents 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Somatostatin Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Somatostatin and Lymphocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Somatostatin and Antigen Presenting Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cortistatin Binds SSTR’s and Shares Pharmacological and Functional Properties with SST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Somatostatin in Inflammatory Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 Somatostatin and Somatostatin Analogues in Clinical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1
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Introduction
Somatostatin (SST) is a ubiquitous neuropeptide hormone that was first extracted from bovine hypothalamus as an inhibitor of growth hormone secretion (Brazeau et al. 1973). The SST gene is a very ancient gene present in all vertebrate classes (Tostivint et al. 2004). Since its discovery in 1973, SST has stimulated a plethora of studies investigating its multiple physiological actions in a great variety of tissues. The continued scientific interest has been evident over the years including the cloning of a family of five somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in 1992 (Yamada et al. 1992; O’Carroll et al. 1992; Panetta et al. 1994), the characterization of the related neuropeptide corticostatin in 1996 (de Lecea et al. 1996; Tostivint et al.
T. Talme (*) Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: [email protected] K.-G. Sundqvist Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden M. Levite (ed.), Nerve-Driven Immunity, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-0888-8_7, # Springer-Verlag/Wien 2012
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Ala Gly Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe
dPhe Cys Phe
Trp
dTrp
Lys
Lys
Cys Ser Thr Phe Thr
Thr-ol Cys Thr Octreotide
Somatostatin-14
Asp Arg Met Pro Cys Lys Asn Phe Phe
d2Nal Cys Phe Trp
dTrp
Lys Lys Cys Ser Ser Phe Thr Cortistatin-17
Lys Thr
Cys Val Lanreotide
Fig. 7.1 Amino acid sequences of so
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