The Effects of Spirituality and Religiosity on the Ethical Judgment in Organizations
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The Effects of Spirituality and Religiosity on the Ethical Judgment in Organizations Faisal Alshehri1 · Marianna Fotaki2 · Saleema Kauser3 Received: 24 March 2018 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Despite the obvious link between spirituality, religiosity and ethical judgment, a definition for the nature of this relationship remains elusive due to conceptual and methodological limitations. To address these, we propose an integrative Spiritualbased model (ISBM) derived from categories presumed to be universal across religions and cultural contexts, to guide future business ethics research on religiosity. This article aims to empirically test (ISBM) in the context of Islam. It examines how different Muslims’ views of God (emotional component) influence their ethical judgments in organizations, and how this process is mediated by their religious practice and knowledge (behavioral and intellectual components). Comprising focus group and vignette designs, the study was carried out with a random sample of 427 executives and management professionals from Saudi. After data collection, the study hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings confirmed that a view of God based on hope might be more closely associated with unethical judgments than a view based on fear or one balancing hope and fear. Furthermore, religious practice and knowledge were found to mediate the relationship between Muslims’ different views of God and their ethical judgments. These results provide unique theoretical insights into religiosity’s influence on ethical judgment, with important implications for management. Keywords Islam · Integrative spiritual-based model · Spirituality and religiosity · View of god The heart is like a bird: love is its head and its two wings are yearning and awe. Ibn Al-Qayyim (1292–1350).
Ibn Al-Qayyim al-Jawzziya (1292–1350CE) was a famous Islamic jurist, psychologist, and theologian. He is often called "the scholar of the heart" due to his extensive interest in human behavior and ethics. * Faisal Alshehri [email protected] Marianna Fotaki [email protected] Saleema Kauser [email protected] 1
College of Business Administration, Taibah University, Universities Road, PO Box: 344, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
3
Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Booth Street West, Manchester M15 6PB, UK
Introduction Do spirituality and religiosity affect managers’ ethical judgments in organizations? Most religions around the world teach a form of the “golden rule”: treat others as you would have them treat you (Ramasamy et al. 2010; Singhapakdi et al. 2000; Smith 2008; Weaver and Agle 2002). Most also provide a system of norms and values, sharing a belief in God or gods as beings who care about morality and punish transgressions (Ali et al. 2013; Calkins 2000; Du et al. 2014; Giacalone and Jurkiewicz 2003; Li 2
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