The emergence of transient electronic devices
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Introduction Electronic devices providing extensive functionality and tremendous convenience have become essential in society today. The demand for stable, long-operating electronic devices has long motivated studying their reliability. In 2012, a new type of electronics with a goal antithetical to conventional reliability emerged under the name “transient electronics”—electronic devices that disappear within a specified time frame.1 Transient electronics offer new opportunities in applications in alternative and emerging fields that previous permanent electronics cannot achieve. For example, a biodegradable electronics device can be implanted inside the body to diagnose and treat patients without needing surgical removal after its function ends, thus reducing the risk of surgical accidents and infection.2–5 It also provides waste-free technology—the device self-degrades into eco-compatible, easily disposable byproducts, and is thus attractive for wearable and patch-type electronic devices.1,6 This type of electronics offers hardwarelevel security by self-destruction on demand of specified areas such as memory so as not to expose unwanted information and device features.7–10
The history of general transient materials has its roots in biodegradable materials. Biodegradable materials have been widely used, including medical sutures, polymer scaffolds for tissue regeneration, metals and alloys for temporary bone joints or stents to minimize restenosis, active glass to promote bone regeneration, and as vehicles for drug delivery.11,12 Most applications, however, have been limited to using structures or biochemically reactive species; advanced functions such as comprehensive sensing and delicate treatment were not yet possible. The first study exploring biodegradable electronics entailed constructing an organic thin-film transistor using biodegradable semiconducting and dielectric materials.13 A subsequent study expanded the biodegradable electronic materials possible by adopting natural chemicals such as indigo, yellow G, and indanthrene, and synthesizing artificial polymers such as poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole-p-phenylenediamine) (PDPP-PD).14,15 Hwang et al. reported outstanding results in transient electronics in 2012 that suggested that electronics-grade singlecrystal Si in nanometer-scale membrane form dissolves within a reasonable time frame (on the order of a few to 10 nm per day) in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS).1 They created fully
Seung-Kyun Kang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea; [email protected] Lan Yin, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, China; [email protected] Christopher Bettinger, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, USA; [email protected] doi:10.1557/mrs.2020.19
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