The emerging roles of exosomal circRNAs in diseases
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REVIEW ARTICLE
The emerging roles of exosomal circRNAs in diseases X. Guo1,2 · W. Tan2 · C. Wang1,2 Received: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Exosomes, the nanoscale phospholipid bilayer vesicles, enriched in selected proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, which they participated in a variety of biological processes in the body, including physiology and pathology. CircRNAs (circular RNAs) are a class of single-stranded closed molecules with tissue development specific expression patterns that have crucial regulatory functions in various diseases. Non-coding RNAs (such as microRNAs and long non‑coding RNAs) in exosomes have also been shown to play an important regulatory role in humans. However, little research has focused on exosomal circRNAs. Recently, CircRNAs have been identified to be enriched and stably expressed in exosomes. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and biological functions of exosomes and circRNA, and further revealed the potential role of exosome-derived circRNA in different diseases. Besides, we propose its use as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic punctuation for diseases, especially in cancer. Keywords Exosomes · circRNAs · Exosomal circRNAs · Function · Liquid biomarker Abbreviations AFM Atomic force microscope CD Cluster of differentiation CircRNAs Circular RNAs COX Cyclooxygenase EM Electron microscope ESCRT Endosoma-sorting complex required for transport EV Extracellular vesicle MHC Major histocompatibility complex MMP Matrix metalloprotease HSP Heat shock protein HUVECS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells lncRNA Long non-coding RNA miRNA/miR Micro-RNA * C. Wang [email protected] X. Guo [email protected] W. Tan [email protected] 1
School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China
2
mRNA Messenger RNA MVB Multi-vesicular body TEM Transmission electron microscopy
Introduction Exosomes, 30–150 nm in size, originate from the membrane vesicles of the endosomes and are secreted by almost all cells from different organisms, and are considered to be key roles in biological processes under normal and pathological conditions [1, 2]. Exosomes contain a variety of functional molecules, including various growth factors, proteins, metabolites, DNA, lipids, transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), microRNA (miRNA), long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA), circRNA and so on [3]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that exosomes are crucial mediators of intercellular communication. After exosomes are released into the tissue fluid, through a series of movements, exosomes arrive at the recipient cells and begin to deliver their internal active substances (such as circRNAs), thus initiating functional responses and inducing subsequent phenotypic changes [4–6]. Exosomes not only target the target cells to trigger dow
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