Emerging roles of infiltrating granulocytes and monocytes in homeostasis
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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
REVIEW
Emerging roles of infiltrating granulocytes and monocytes in homeostasis Linda Groeneweg1 · Andres Hidalgo3,4 · Noelia A‑Gonzalez1,2 Received: 11 November 2019 / Revised: 8 March 2020 / Accepted: 20 March 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The infiltration of naïve tissues by myeloid cells has been long related to their clearance and the physiological cell turnover, however, increasing evidence shows that they can additionally fulfill specific, non-immune functions in different tissues. There is also growing evidence to support that infiltrated granulocytes and monocytes respond to different environments by modulating gene expression and cytokine production, which in turn contribute to the normal function of the host tissue. This review will address the roles of immigrated myeloid cells in different tissues and their crosstalk with the host tissue environments. Keywords Myeloid cells · Tissue infiltration · Neutrophils · Tissue microenvironment · Cell migration
Introduction The generation of an effective immune response typically starts with the infiltration of damaged tissues by neutrophils and monocytes. These cells migrate to the inflamed tissues following cytokine and chemokine gradients that are mainly produced by other sentinel, tissue-resident, myeloid cells [1]. Nonetheless, the infiltration of naïve tissues by myeloid cells as an active mechanism of organ homeostasis has recently become apparent [2, 3]. Historically, the migration of myeloid cells into naïve tissues has been attributed to the necessity of these cells to be cleared, particularly in the case of neutrophils, or to replace other cell types, for example monocytes that occupy niches of eliminated macrophages or dendritic cells (DC), all of which is part of the physiological cell turnover. However, it has only recently been acknowledged * Noelia A‑Gonzalez alonsogo@uni‑muenster.de 1
Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
2
Cells‑in‑Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
3
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
4
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
that myeloid cells also migrate to naïve tissues to contribute to normal tissue function. Several studies have attributed a regulatory role to myeloid cells in homeostasis, for example by promoting immune tolerance via the interaction with other cell types, such as the generation of regulatory T cells in the intestine through macrophage-derived IL-10 [4], or antibody production by B cells in the marginal zone of the spleen by infiltrating neutrophils [5]. Leukocytes follow circadian rhythmicity in their homeostatic migration, which is partially regulated by the host tissue in response to organ-specific environmental cues [6]. Nevertheless, different organs can also share particular microenvironments, such as secondary lymphoid organs
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