The Flavobacterium Genus in the Plant Holobiont: Ecological, Physiological, and Applicative Insights
Members of the Flavobacterium genus are widely distributed in nature where they are often associated with the capacity to degrade complex organic compounds. A myriad of recent studies indicate that the class Flavobacteria, and specifically the genus Flavo
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The Flavobacterium Genus in the Plant Holobiont: Ecological, Physiological, and Applicative Insights Max Kolton, Armin Erlacher, Gabriele Berg, and Eddie Cytryn
Abstract
Members of the Flavobacterium genus are widely distributed in nature where they are often associated with the capacity to degrade complex organic compounds. A myriad of recent studies indicate that the class Flavobacteria, and specifically the genus Flavobacterium, represent a significant fraction of rootand leaf-associated microbiomes in a broad range of plant species. Several of these studies have shown that the relative abundance of members of this genus increases substantially along the soil, rhizosphere, and rhizoplane continuum, indicating a specialized capacity to proliferate in plant environments and suggesting a role in plant functioning. Unlike other plant-associated genera such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus that have been exhaustively documented, little is known about the ecology of Flavobacterium strains in plant environments. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of Flavobacterium strains in plant habitats. It explores their abundance and diversity in the rhizosphere and the
M. Kolton Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel A. Erlacher • G. Berg Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria E. Cytryn (*) Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 S. Castro-Sowinski (ed.), Microbial Models: From Environmental to Industrial Sustainability, Microorganisms for Sustainability 1, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2555-6_9
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phyllosphere of a large range of plant species, elucidates the potential role of unique flavobacterial gliding-motility and gliding-secretion mechanisms in plant-Flavobacterium interactions, and explores the potential role of Flavobacterium strains in plant growth and protection.
9.1
Introduction: The Plant Microbiome
9.1.1 The Root-Associated Microbiome The root ecosystem is often divided into three microenvironments: the rhizosphere, the thin layer of soil that surrounds the root that was first introduced by Hiltner in 1904 (Hartmann et al. 2008); the rhizoplane, the ecosystem directly bound to the root surface; and the endosphere, the ecosystem within plant roots that is colonized by specialized microorganisms coined endophytes (Compant et al. 2010; Hardoim et al. 2015). Certain endophytic microorganisms may be vertically inherited through seeds (Wiewióra et al. 2015), but for the most part, root-associated microorganisms are actively recruited by plants from surrounding soil (Berg and Smalla 2009; Bulgarelli et al. 2013).
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